Literature and Journalism Essay

American Heritage Dictionary of English Language Fourth Edition. New York Houghton 2009. American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Third edition New York Houghton Mifflin Co. 2006 Glencoe Literature; The Readers Choice Columbus Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 2003 Hudson,W. H An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Harrap 1963 Ousby, I. Cambridge Guide to Literature in English Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996. Hornsby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. OUP 2005 MASENO UNIVERSITY FACULTY : ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. DEPARTMENT : LINGUISTICS, LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE UNIT CODE: ALI 805 UNIT TITLE: LITERATURE AND JOURNALISM TASK: Difference between Literature and Journalism PRESENTED BY: JULIE E. OGONYA REG. NO. : PG/MA/063/2009 PRESENTED TO: DR, KITCHE MAGAK DATE: NOVEMBER, 2009. MASENO INTRODUCTION Literature and journalism are two genres that are interrelated and intertwined because literature borrows heavily from journalism and journalism borrows heavily from literature as well. Sometimes it gets problematic distinguishing literature from journalism, more so with the emergence of narrative journalism. According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, literature refers to pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems (in contrast to technical books and newspapers, magazines, etc. ). The same dictionary defines journalism as the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television. In this paper, an attempt is going to be made to show the differences between literature and journalism. Differences between Literature and Journalism. The difference between literature and journalism can be seen from the definitions of the two genres where literature is defined as â€Å"pieces of writing that are valued as works of art†. Art refers to â€Å"the use of imagination to express ideas or feelings† (Hornby, 2005). The key word is imagination. This means that in literature, language is used creatively with a lot of imagination in expressing ideas. Literature has been described as a mirror of the society and it reflects the happenings in that society. The reflections more often than not depend on the type of the mirror, whether concave or convex. Consequently, literature can distort reality. Journalism, â€Å"the work of collecting and writing news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television†, on the other hand, is a picture of the society. What we see is what we get since journalism is reportage. Mikkel Hivid has provided some guidelines on the difference between journalism and literature. In this paper most of the differences used will be from a paper he presented entitled Fiction, Facts and Storytelling and Roy Peter Clarke’s essay : Between Fact and Fiction: Navigating Treacherorous Waters. First, Hvid says that â€Å"the difference between literature and journalism is characterized by more than just the difference between fact and fiction. The two genres have different expressions, different criteria for the truth and relevance and different priorities. Journalism must be true but writers of fiction are allowed to lie†. In literature, the diction is characterized by the use of literary techniques like imagery, personification, irony, juxtaposition, sarcasm, similes and so on. These are used to make the message being communicated to be brought out more effectively. The language or expressions used will depend on the writer’s attitude towards the subject with which he will attempt to influence the reader; if he hates the subject, he will be sarcastic and the words he uses will be sarcastic or derogatory. This unflattering choice of words is likely to influence the reader to develop a negative attitude towards a subject too. For example, in Achebe’s book The Trouble with Nigeria, he is strongly convinced that the main problem with the country is poor leadership. He uses very emotive words. He says; The trouble with Nigeria is simply and squarely a failure of leadership. There is nothing basically wrong with the Nigerian character. There is nothing wrong with the Nigerian land or climate or water or air or anything else. He uses literary techniques like alliteration (simply and squarely), and repetition of the word wrong to create emphasis. Clarke says that literature and journalism have different criteria for the truth. The ethics of journalism indicate that the main distinction between literature and journalism is based on the contents. Journalists must present facts- whether they are using the genre of narrative journalism or any other journalistic genre. Journalists are required to research their stories (Hvid, 2000). Journalism must be true whereas writers of literature are allowed to lie. What the journalist writes must be true in the sense that it can be documented by reference to a named source or actual circumstances. For instance what Barrack Obama wrote in Dreams from My Father is true and can be documented. It is a story about his life; the places and even people mentioned in the book are real. Fiction writers invent and make up stories. Literature does not have to be true to any outside reality, Hvid adds. In literature, the setting, characters, events and action are all in the writer’s imagination in as much as they may reflect reality. Sometimes the setting and characters can be out of this world, for example in stories of fantasy that involves the mention of the supernatural as well as in science fiction. Journalists must research their stories. Writers of fiction are allowed to add, invent and construct their own worlds. In his essay, Roy Peter Clarke lists a range of ethical demands on the narrative journalist. You cannot add anything to your story which was not present in reality. This is because only the truth should be told in journalism. He adds that you cannot write different scenes into one, and you are not allowed to merge a number of real characters into one. You must respect the timing of real events. This is in line with the 5ws of journalism of who, what, where, why, when and how. All these must come out distinctly because journalism is fact and not fiction. In fiction, a character or a thing can be an archetype. There can only be one scene of an incident and hence cannot be written into one. He says that finally there is the ethical demand which is perhaps the most important even if it sounds mainly as a kind of request: you must strive to provide as honest and correct an account of the reality of the reality you describe as possible. Literary texts can be interpreted in a number of different ways. This is because when different readers read a text, their understanding is not the same and sometimes the writer’s intention may be missed. For instance, in Jonathan Swift’s essay: A Modest Proposal, the writer, did not intend his proposal of rearing babies for food to be taken literally. Some of his readers were very outraged at the idea of infanticide and cannibalism. Literature as a body consists of three main components (literary history): 1) A body of knowledge 2) A system of investigation 3) A collection of skills and techniques. It also consists of four main aspects 1) Creativity 2) Practical criticism 3) Literary history 4) Literary theory. There are different theories used to interpret literature. These components and theories are used by literary analysts to interpret literary texts. In journalism, the text does not necessarily require such effort in interpretation. A message in journalism quite often appears in the first paragraph of the text where the journalist makes the logical conclusion. The message is direct with no room for interpretation. Literature and journalism have different ideas about their readers about their readers and what you can demand from them. Journalism presents readers with a complete package they can immediately relate to. For instance, a newspaper headlines simply stating: Jealous Man Murders Wife and Lover in Drunken Rage. This does not require any knowledge of literary criticism and  theory to understand that drunken jealous men can easily murder their wives. Literature readers, on the other hand, have to interpret and analyse the text to find what it means for them. This is sometimes a next to impossible task as some literary texts abound in symbolism and very abstract ideas that are too difficult to decipher. In journalism it is unacceptable to present readers with such a dilemma as readers have a right to demand a clear message. Relevance of the text is another area of difference in literature and journalism as there are different criteria used to determine relevance in the two genres. We read literature to experience other worlds, lives and people. For example, David Yallop’s book In God’s Name is an eye opener into the intrigues of the Catholic Church and how a pope was murdered because he was a threat to some bishops who were perpetrators of a lot of evil in the church. The relevance of that text comes in when we examine it we find that the murder of Pope really concerned the people at that particular time in history and even to date. We read literature to experience other worlds, lives, and people. We mirror our own lives in those of the characters we meet in literature. Plato said that literature is a moral force and so the characters in literature with which we compare our own experiences help in building our character since as we compare our own experiences to theirs we gain greater insights into our own lives through what we call experience by. We love the character who is our hero and when that character suffers, we suffer with him and when he triumphs over evil, we celebrate his victory. Every character or happening helps us learn about our own lives. The text is true when it is true and meaningful to us. Truth and relevance are decided in the meeting between the reader and the text In journalism, we do not read texts in order to mirror our lives with those we read about. The characters do not necessarily help us learn about our own lives. Sometimes there are no main character with which we identify with. Truth is a condition of journalism and the article must be relevant. Its relevance is seen when it teaches the readers something new and important about the world they live in. When we read a literary text, we become part of the story; we take sides, laud or condemn a particular character. In other words, we read literature for experience. As Aristotle recommended, literature provides the reader with a cathartic effect. After experiencing literature, there is purgation of dangerous emotions. On the other hand, we read journalism to take something out of it. This is why journalistic articles are â€Å"news†. We get information from journalism. In literature, stories comprise of two main elements; background and action. There is use of description of background that is spiced up with action. In journalism, storytelling is told with three strands. These are background, action and facts as a mandatory component. The journalist may add anecdotes to make his story interesting but the most important ingredient is fact. Lastly, there is the use of what has been referred to as the frame and the content. Creative techniques are used on the frame of the story or in the introduction that leads into the main story whilst the story itself is presented as summary or direct quotes. Barrack Obama’s Dreams from my Father is a typical example of a work where this is used. This is sometimes referred to as the inverted pyramid . Conclusion In this paper, the differences between Literature and Journalism have been discussed. It has been realized that the differences between literature and journalism arise because of many factors like fact or fiction, reality and probability, the relationship between the reader and the text, the roles of journalism and literature and so on. Whereas the two genres are infact different, the reality is that there is a possibility of te two complimenting and supplementing each other since literature borrows from journalism and journalism borrows from literature and this results in a rich mix.

Principals for implementing duty of care Essay

A1, What does the term â€Å"duty of care† mean? The term â€Å"duty of care† means to safeguard anybody from harm and to make sure they are not disadvantaged or treated unfairly whilst they are in my care, to always act in the best interests of individual’s and others such as my co-workers, my employer as well as myself. This is a legal obligation. A2, How the duty of care affects the work of a social care worker Duty of care affects the way that a social care worker gives care, these include following policies and procedures, keeping all training up to date as this ensures good practice by applying it to day-to-day work. Also by insuring fair practice by recognising independence, diversity and choice etc. A3, What having a duty of care means for a care-giving organisation. This means having the responsibility for making sure that their organisation upholds the legal requirement to keep their staff safe as providing a safe working environment as well as providing PPE. Keeping staff up to date on all training including reporting and recording procedures. A4, How does duty of care contribute to safeguarding individuals? Having a duty of care should protect all those who use or work within the service by way of safeguarding. These include: Following policies and procedures, by sticking to the guidelines setout it ensures that the care workers are very aware of what they can and cannot do. Sticking to the rules eliminates any misunderstanding Adhering to legislations or codes of practice such as; safe guarding or the health and safety act to name a few are laws that are set out to protect those who use  the service as well as those who work within. B1, Companies should have complaints procedures in place, it should be efficiently advertised and implemented. This is so that those who wish to raise a complaint can do so in confidence knowing that their complaints are going to be dealt with promptly. Also companies should have a clear procedure, which provides easy to use opportunities for the complainant to register complaints as well as clearly providing the name of the person to forward complaints to. The legal requirements for dealing with complaints include providing support for all complainants and taking the appropriate steps to respond and deal with all complaints raised B2, The best way to deal with a complaint is to Record a detailed description of what the complaint is about, this includes any correspondence letters, emails etc. and any action taken to deal with the complaint at hand Respond to complaints within a shot period of time, if a reply cannot be had at the time specified then the complainant should be notified and told when they should receive a reply Uphold confidentiality and be aware of who needs to be involved when dealing with the complaint, this is so that those raising the complaint can do so without any backlash To be very aware of how the complainant is feeling regardless of if I feel whether the complaint is justified Inform regulatory bodies if need be such as CQC.

Essential Barcelona Tourist Information Assignment

Essential Barcelona Tourist Information - Assignment Example According to the research findings, Barcelona has got everything that makes a perfect holiday. Barcelona has a very pleasing and enjoyable weather throughout the year. But the most favorable weather of Barcelona is during the months of May till July making this time the most appealing time for a tour of the marvelous city. September is also very enjoyable but August is usually hot and moist. It is a month which is generally pleasing to those people who love to tan themselves by spending a splendid time on the beach. All those people who visit Barcelona in August are always advised to get hotel rooms with air conditioning systems. The pleasing weather of Barcelona is still maintained during the months of October and November but the temperature starts falling and the weather starts to get chillier. The sunshine cannot be observed everyday and people get prepared for a slight rainfall. The winter sets in at the end of November and from November till the end of February the temperature drops and the weather gets cold. It does not rain much in Barcelona during the winter so generally people get to see the sunny days. Numerous painters and artists have lived and worked in Barcelona at one time or the other and you can still perceive their affect distinctively all through the city. Two of the most famous are Miro and Picasso who have museums allocated to their most major works. This is just not it. Barcelona has also got many various museums and art galleries all throughout the city so you have got many artistic and cultural places to visit while you are in Barcelona. Barcelona had more than 55 museums and art galleries that are devoted on the topics such as sports, art, history, war, science, maritime and architecture. Few of the most famous museums and art galleries located in Barcelona for sightseeing are Maritime Museum, Barcelona Centre of Contemporary Culture, La Pedrera, The Dali Museum-In Figueres and Camp Nou.

Comprehensive Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comprehensive Case Analysis - Research Paper Example Thus they have to educate, integrate and even retain a rapidly changing and diverse working population. If I were goldstone, I would have also taken the same move considering the increased cases of deaths from HIV/AIDS employees (Nkomo, Fottler, & MacAfee, 2008). However, I would come into a consensus with the families of the employees to ensure that we share the costs. This case has furthered my thinking on human resources management. It has made me understand that there are ethical considerations involved in business decisions and it is upon the human resource department to determine what the company is capable to offer. This is considering the company’s available resources and its goals and objectives. As a health care manager, this case has made me realize the importance of a healthy workforce in an organization. It is important for an organization to invest in the health of its workers to ensure that they maximize on their potential thus increasing on their productivity. Moreover, a healthy workforce ensures that an organization cuts on costs and achieves its goals and objectives (Burke & Cooper,

Compare and contrast the views of Howard Zinn's presentation of the Essay

Compare and contrast the views of Howard Zinn's presentation of the Vietnam War to the American Promise text - Essay Example both Zinn and the American Promise text begin by describing the combatants, the American Promise text seems to tacitly cast their communist leanings as irrational and in-direct opposition to freedom. Conversely, Zinn elevates their position to equal footing with the United States. Zinn describes North Vietnam as, â€Å"a nationalist revolutionary movement in a tiny, peasant country† (Zinn). One can easily argue that Zinn is even romanticizing the North Vietnamese movement, casting them in the mythic role as David in a battle with the United States’ Goliath. Zinn’s historicism goes on to explore the perspective of the North Vietnamese in more sympathetic details than the American Promise text. Where the American Promise text identifies the promise Kennedy made in fighting against Communist aggression, Zinn’s history notes the Atlantic Charter which promised the people the right to choose their own government. It shows that despite such a document, pleas by the North Vietnamese to President Harry Truman went unrecognized. The American Promise also focuses predominantly on the Vietnam War once it was started, and not the factors that ultimately caused the United States’ participation. While of this is surely attributed to the fact that it focuses on American History, key facts are left out, which Zinn includes. One of the most notable of these is that after the French left Vietnam there was scheduled to be an election that would unify the country. It was the United States that stepped in and prevented these elections from occurring, and placed a Vietnamese man who had previously resided in New Jersey in office. Quoting the Pentagon papers, Zinn states, â€Å"South Viet Nam was essentially the creation of the United States" (Zinn). When considering the Gulf of Tonkin incident the two textbooks have slightly different perspectives. While the American Promise acknowledges that there might be more to the attacks than was initially reported by the United States

IASB improved conceptual framework for financial reporting Essay

IASB improved conceptual framework for financial reporting - Essay Example Legal entities of different types of ownership are obliged to comply with regulations in financial reporting, stated in the national accounting standards. But the current process of economic and business globalisation caused the necessity of a common set of standards that could be applied in many countries, providing the consistency and uniformity of accounting and financial reporting throughout the world.Thus, in 2001 the special International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has been established in the UK in order to design standards, intended to attain a global acceptance. If a company complies with the international accounting standard, it will likely achieve a faithful representation of its financial performance; as well as it will provide the basis for analysis of the company’s position on the global market and further prospects for development of its business. Such information is extremely useful for different stakeholders helping them to make better decisions concerni ng the company. The â€Å"decision-usefulness† approach in accounting has been known even from the 1930-40s. Currently it is laid at the heart of the Conceptual Framework of Financial Reporting, which is being developed by the IASB in collaboration with the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). This essay is aimed to analyse critically the IASB’s Framework, in particular, regarding the objectives of financial reporting and qualitative characteristics of financial reporting information. ... at that time conceptual frameworks with a common standard, which was intended to be â€Å"sound, comprehensive, and internally consistent† (IASB, 2006. p.8). Boards were primarily motivated by two objectives – firstly, to provide convergence of existing frameworks, and, secondly, to secure an improvement of the decision-usefulness approach in financial reporting. The fundamental principles of the new conception were adopted from several previous documents. A monograph â€Å"A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory†, published in 1966 by the American Accounting Association, emphasised that information ensuing from a process of accounting is more important than the process itself; it defined an accounting as â€Å"†¦identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by users of the information.† (Lewis & Pendrill, 2004, p. 3) Another important document, which has begun to refocus the accounting polic y from stewardship to providing information useful for various stakeholders, is the Trueblood Committee report â€Å"Objectives of Financial Statements† (1973). It formulated an objective of financial statements as: â€Å"to provide information useful to investors and creditors for predicting, comparing, and evaluating potential cash flows to them in terms of amount, timing, and related uncertainty† (Zeff, 1999, p. 100). In July 2006 the first concept of IASB Framework was published in the form of a Discussion Paper. It defines the objective of financial reporting as â€Å"†¦to provide information that is useful to present and potential investors and creditors and others in making investment, credit, and similar resource allocation decisions† (IASB, 2006, p.18, OB2). This objective could be achieved if provided information

Influences of muticultures from second generation such as Essay

Influences of muticultures from second generation such as Korean-American on self-constructing - Essay Example They often feel confused about their identity. This has been of particular interest and has prompted me to study whether own culture has a stronger influence in self-formation or one gets influenced by the culture in which one has grown up. According to Hofstede, culture is something that is learned and therefore is embedded in a society or nation (Wong, Everett & Nicholson, 2008). It is a mental programming that is developed early in life and reinforced later through the process of socialization. Even the natural act of thinking is modified by culture. Culture has a deep impact on the life of people and hence it provides a structured and highly consistent way of living that is not deliberately constructed. Culture is an underlying system that shapes personality traits and behaviors. The period between 18 to 25 years of age is the time when young adults develop a subjective sense of identity through experimentation and explorations (Xu, Shim, Lotz & Almeida, 2004). This period is very critical for the young adults as the ethnic identity of the young forms and develops during this period. The ethnic identity, defined as the individual’s sense of self within an ethnic group, becomes an integral part of the ethnic young adults social identity and a vital component of his or her self-concept or self-image. Furedi (2007) while discussing how the culture of fear is formed, states that people vary greatly in how much culture they apply in their lives. This determines the kind of people they will become. This process of ‘self-forming’ draws from the symbolic resources of the wider culture. Habits of thought and feeling influence the way individuals make sense of their experience. Bilingualism is common among the immigrants in America. A study of the second generation Asian Americans revealed that bilingualism impacts academic achievement and social mobility (Mouw & Xie, 1999). Replacing the immigrant language by English has provoked sentiments from the

International business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International business - Case Study Example In this mode, the statement reporting books are translated so as the proceeding activity will be taken over by the legal bodies. The importance of this type of translation is it makes sense to the financial statements and to show the position of the company’s date of home currency. It forms the simplest currency exposure that can be understood by the ordinary learners. It pertains the duration of the exposure while taking place and it involves a foreign exchange in the business. It also targets the monetary process for the profit generation. The management can initiate some strategies to control these exposures. The use of money markets, foreign exchange derivative such as future contracts and forward contracts (Levi 24). The opted strategy is the company carefully selection of production sites with the aim of reducing cost. The businesses that rely on the domestic market vary from because the profit produced by the dependent firms is high. The policies that have been implemented by the IMF will not work well with the developing countries having a young economy. The policy states that, â€Å"Since the debt crisis of 1980’s, the IMF has assumed the role of bailing out countries in case of the financial crisis. (caused in a large part by the currency speculation in the global casino economy). With the emergency loan packages tied to certain conditions, often referred to as structure adjustment policies† (Levi 24). From these policies, IMF was opposed because of some reasons. Among the reason was that from the structured adjustment policies, IMF created an immoral system of modern day colonialism. The collaboration of IMF with World Bank and WTO, it exposed the economy to inequality and destruction of the environment. Cutting expenditure on health and educations was their advice to countries so that they can pay their debt. When this is performed, elimination of necessary food and putting aside, transportation

Leadership Profile Paper (communication) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Profile Paper (communication) - Essay Example He finally made a great move in the year 1994, when South Africa attained her full freedom free from the hands of colonialists. He became their first democratically elected president by all the races in the country. Nelson Mandela was born at Mvezo. His parents were Nongapphi Nosukeni and Henry Mgabla Mandela. He went to Methodist Boarding School and then proceeded to Fort Hare University where he was ‘expelled after being found engaging in student politics in the year 1940. In 1960, the Apartheid government banned both the ANC and the Pan African movements in the country. This, therefore, triggered the Mandela lead factions to launch an underground struggle for the liberation of the South African citizens from the oppressive rule of the colonialists. The Mandela lead team, therefore, created the Umkhento weSizwe; the armed wing of the ANC that again he was appointed the chief commandant since he had a vast experience in military knowledge after undergoing trainings in Algeria. In 1958, Nelson Mandela married Winnie Madikizela with a blessing of two daughters; Zenani and Zinda they later came to break up in the year 1996. Because breakage is believed to have been caused by the actions of Winnie Mandela that is said to have been involved in killing of the ANC activists. Mandela was not happy at all with Winnie’s actions; he then decided to marry Graca Machel, the wife of former Mozambique President, Samora Machel. With his former wife Winnie, Mandela had one son, the late Makgatho Levanika who died at the age of 54 years in the year 2004, earlier before him. While in deportation, in Robben Island, Mandela still made contacts with the ANC leaders that later, lead him to meeting most senior government officials including Presidents PW Bother and De Klerk in the year 1989. He was unlucky to have met these government officials as December of the very same year; he was served an arrest for being suspected of being spearheading the campaign for the

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 141

Case Study Example In addition, they also facilitate interactions between people of different cultures (Shimp 217). Guinness should adopt an online marketing strategy to target the middle class and the youths. Online marketing shall take into consideration the youths who spend most of their time online. In addition, it is the best opportunity to assess the views of the customers from across the globe. Besides, social media offers people a chance to share ideas, experience and plan for a weekend. Hence, social media sites are excellent platforms for marketing the Guinness. Furthermore, Guinness should use print and non-print media for marketing. The ads should feature during prime times to reach several drinkers. The promotions should also educate on safe drinking. In pursuance of enhancing consumer relationships, leveraging and improving brand loyalty. Cross selling of Guinness Draught to drinkers who change names at homes should adopt a strategy that respects ethical codes and empowers the customers. The chosen promotion strategy should be simple and target a wider audience to attract more drinkers. In particular, the plan should encompass women drinkers. Unlike the male drinkers, the strategy should include feminine features such as successful women drinkers. It should also incorporate reward mechanisms for the most loyal drinkers. The use of catchy promotion, for instance, ‘Guinness made of more’ would entice and attract more customers (Shimp

Human Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Human Knowledge Essay Anyone writes at one point or another in his lifetime to share his or her experiences, ideas, perceptions, situations, and points of view. Some write everyday in their private diaries to capture their memories. Others write to give way to the expression of their emotions, sometimes, pent up, a fond memory, thoughts, or aspirations, even frustrations. If knowledge is knowing and learning gained through experience then personal essays become one of the rich sources, if not the fountainhead, of knowledge which brings us to the stance of this discourse. The personal and highly subjective approach of the personal essay is not merely entertaining but definitely, it adds much to the stock of human knowledge. There are two bases for the present argument. Firstly, important terms, as they have bearing on the issue, are explained or defined where this discourse attempts to build this position and view on the subjective approach of personal essays as a big contributor to the stock of knowledge. Secondly, Hs’s discussion on the sources of knowledge (Hs n. d. ) not only supplements the understanding of the terms but builds a strong working framework for this argument. On the overall, an understanding of the working definitions of knowledge and personal essays serves as the springboard for the discussion at hand. Subordinated to knowledge and personal essays are the words subjective and entertaining. Knowledge may be understood as defined in several ways but not limited to the following: ‘the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association; acquaintance with or understanding of a science, art, or technique; the fact or condition of being aware of something; the range of ones information or understanding; the fact or condition of having information or of being learned; the sum of what is known; and the body of truth, information, and principles acquired by humankind’ and ‘applies to facts or ideas acquired by study, investigation, observation, or experience’ (Merriam Webster n. d. ). Moreover, knowledge refers to the ‘state or fact of knowing; familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study; the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned; learning; and specific information about something (Houghton Mifflin 2000). The accumulation of all possible information in every discipline altogether makes up the â€Å"stock of human knowledge. † On the other hand, the personal essay is one where the writer speaks from his or her own personal perspective about just any thinkable or unthinkable, imaginable or unimaginable (such as fictions) topic – emotions, experiences, places, events, things, animals, etc. A personal essay is very personal to the writer in that it relates to one’s private life rather than anyone else. In this sense, it is to a high extent particular, intimate and maybe found peculiar, but highly subjective. To be subjective is to be biased and one-sided. In the case of a personal essay, the writer has some biases with reference to any particular topic because he or she writes from how he or she views things in the environment. That is what makes personal essays highly subjective and all along carrying that personal touch. These writings become amusing or enjoyable, or contextually, entertaining to the readers on account of an experience where they become vicariously involved. Knowledge (and the accumulation of it) as understood from its given definitions are functions well fulfilled by personal essays. Hs listed and explained the five sources and the ways by which knowledge is gained (Hs n. d. ) – people, books, experience, experimentation and observation, and thinking and pondering. All of these sources heavily point to or at least allude to the voluminous personal essays. First, â€Å"people,† Hs declares â€Å"are the biggest source of knowledge for anybody† because for one reason, many people’s varied experiences can make enough experience in that area from which others may derive lessons from as a consequence of reading them. Since personal essays are highly subjective dwelling on personal anecdotes, it is not surprising that they are saturated with the first person pronoun â€Å"I† in the process of the narration (Cavallari n. d. ). These experiences as expressed through personal essays may affect the lives of others either â€Å"giving inspiration or altering some of your core values and outlook of life† (Oz Essays n. d. ). The things to learn from these numerous people experiences include also their achievements, frustrations, failures, miseries, mistakes, and skills. Furthermore, personal essays make their writer ask themselves â€Å"what experience has taught them about themselves† (Editors for Students n. d. ). And that from the personal stories grows out the points of the experience (Composition Patterns n. d. ). The lessons in life are paramount to the increase of one’s knowledge. Second, reading as much as many books about any topic is another source of knowledge. Take for instance a particular example cited by the author, Hs. The same problem that one may be confronted with must have similarly confronted others. By reading how others dealt with the same problem might just instantly give the solution as used by others. Though not so related but contextually relevant is the old saying that â€Å"there is no frigate like a book† where the reader is able to â€Å"travel† and see the wonders of the world through the eyes of those who undertook the travels and wrote about them. Third, it is true that â€Å"experience is a great teacher† according to Hs because mistakes are corrected and achievements are gained through lessons derived from past experiences not just your own but others’ as well. No matter how rhetoric but it is undeniably true that the best lessons in past experiences tells us that the present must learn from the past to make the present better and plan out for the best future. Fourth, experimentation and observation add to the stock of human knowledge by attempting at finding out, through one’s efforts and those of others through their writings, which attempts succeed that readers might carry on and which attempts fail that they might avoid in their own ventures. Watchfulness and keen observation of others’ approaches to particular situations is a sure way to gain knowledge that can be applied when the situation arises that calls for appropriate actions. What best observations can be had than reading from the personal essays of many people that one cannot possibly physically do all? Fifth, by thinking and pondering on what have been read such as personal essays can lead to a deep understanding of any topic. Take the case of personal essays of uncountable number on â€Å"How To†¦Ã¢â‚¬  like â€Å"How to Become a Millionaire,† How to Study Effectively,† â€Å"How to Win an Election,† How to Deal with Stress,† and many more. They are generally taken from individuals’ own experiences and insights that are shared to the readers. From these personal essays are skills or strategies learned that might as well work for the readers’ own successes. They are not necessarily products of empirical studies worked out from sample populations. Are they not significantly contributing to the stock of human knowledge? The process and later the formation of the habit of writing makes the individual primarily knowledgeable in many ways and secondarily acquiring the appropriate skills in communicative writing. Writing from personal experiences and incidents is actually mirroring one’s self as the lesson emerges from life experiences. Then, they develop the skill to reflect on the intrapersonal and develop the skill to write which is in itself a knowledge earned usable at any point in time especially in the academe. The readers, on the other hand, learn to write and improve, in some cases, hone their skills on the styles of writing based on the personal essays of others. The teaching experience of Andrea Sarvady is an interesting case in point. In an interview with an educator (Sarvady 2007) in a school in Atlanta, Georgia, Sarvady emphasized that requiring and training her 7th and 8th grade students in writing personal essays makes them ‘become better writers †¦ and become better people’. Writing just about anything from fiction to non-fiction, Andrea believes that the two-year personal essay writing program she does with her students is to a certain extent therapeutic but more importantly, she claims ‘it helps a lot of kids look at their own life a little more closely at an age where impulse controls issues are so huge. † The process and the progress to becoming â€Å"better people† is no doubt a consequence of knowledge earned. It is easy to contradict the opinion that personal essays are simply entertaining but does not do much to add to the stock of human knowledge. On the contrary, personal essays have much to offer to the formation of the stock of human knowledge while certainly entertaining at the same time. The argument with focus on science as a discipline, (Crichton n. d. ) carries some truth when he said that the â€Å"personal and subjective approach to essay writing entertains the reader, which adds little in comparison to the attainment of human knowledge. † However, at the same time he was quite negating his position when he said that people’s understanding of the world when â€Å"it grows, expands and then adds to the collective work†¦ once accredited and accepted as plausible, it advances the stockpile of human knowledge through the dispersal of academic essays. † In effect personal essays, although a subjective view of an objective knowledge, cannot be denied that however little, they throw in to the stock of human knowledge. Going further to the argument, human knowledge as based on the five sources of knowledge being the framework for this treatise are largely derived nowhere else but from ‘people’ where many of their ‘experiences’ are captured through their written texts as in ‘books’ narrating their own ‘experiences and observations’ of others that they ‘ponder’ on bringing about a deeper understanding of any subject matter. As a consequence, experiences of people first handedly accumulate to significantly contribute to the stock of human knowledge. Personal essays are written experiences of individuals to share their thoughts, insights, points of view, emotions, skills and abilities, ideas, usually bringing home to a point usually a lesson as a consequence of the experience (Editors for Students n. d. ). People trying out new ways of cooking, through experimentations and observations, are collected into cookery books. Similarly, innovative ways of doing interior home designs are collected into magazines and books on home designing shared by countless others. Landscaping and gardening are available in many books from the ideas of many creative individuals. Skills honing activities in any field of interest are available in books and magazines. Many researches utilize the interview instruments which are generally derived from interviews of real people eliciting from their own experiences. From this wide array of information, generalizations are made into principles, theories, and concepts. The amalgam of experiences and observations found and shared in personal essays accruing make up the colossal stock of human knowledge more than just entertain readers. List of References Cavallari, D. What is a Personal Essay [online] Available from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-personal-essay. htm [June 4, 2009] Crichton, A. A Subjective Look on Objective Knowledge[online] Available from http://philosopherzone. com/philosophy/a-subjective-look-on-objective-knowledge/ [June 2, 2009] Editors for Students â€Å"The Personal Essay – Essay Writing Tip #6† [online] available from http://www. editorsfor students. com/personalessay. html [June 3, 2009] Houghton Mifflin Company(2003). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Languag, 4th ed [online] Available from http://www. thefreedictionary. com/knowledge [June 3, 2009] Hs, S. Sources Of Knowledge How To Gain Knowledge In Any Field [online] Available from http://ezinearticles. com/? Sources-Of-KnowledgeHow-To-Gain-Knowledge-In-Any-Fieldid=500120 [June 4 2009] Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary [online] Available from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/knowledge [June 3, 2009] Personal Essays in the Classroom (March 28, 2007) [online] Available from http://www. visualthesaurus. com/cm/teachersatwork/735/ [June 4, 2009] Interview Oz Essay Personal Experience Essay[online] Available from http://www. ozessay. com. au/personal_experience_essay. html [June 2, 2009] Composition Patterns The Personal Essay [online] Available from http://grammar. ccc. commnet. edu/GRAMMAR/composition/personal. htm [June 2, 2009]

Plug-in hybrid Essay Example for Free

Plug-in hybrid Essay This is an analytical and comprehensive approach for preparing marketing plan for Toyota Prius, the hybrid car, consists of formulating strategies and implementing them, with suggestions for recommended changes and implementing the plan. Toyota is well known for its innovative and excellent quality cars all over the world. Toyota has started the hybrid project in about 1991 and launched its first concept in 1997. It is Toyota that made this revolution of hybrid cars a success story. The Global, 21st century known as G-21 team worked on the Prius. It aims in focussing the target market in Australia, in main cities like Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Brisbane, etc. the main focus is on the two kinds of buyers in the market, i. e. the private buyers and the corporate and fleet buyers. The distribution is done through the strong network of 211 dealers in Australia. There is proper training to the dealer about the car and its features as its technology is new in the market. This also helps to solve customers’ objections and their queries. The promotion is done through Medias like television shows, advertisement with celebrity, news paper and magazine. Also through the personnel marketing where the dealer meet and communicate with customers personally. Internet is the modern means of marketing and advertisement. The costing of the car is issue at present movement. But it could be solved with help of government policy and the company’s discount. As the technology improves the cars will be cheaper and can be affordable by lower income segment. Table of content TopicPage No. 1. Introduction4 2. Mission Statement4 3. Situation Analysis4 3. 1. Internal environment4 3. 1. 1. Products4 3. 1. 2. Financial and non-financial situation5 3. 1. 3. Channels5 3. 2. External Environment6 3. 2. 1. Markets6. 3. 2. 2. Competitive environment6 3. 2. 3. Economic environment7 3. 2. 4. Demographic environment7 3. 2. 5. Social and cultural environment7 3. 2. 6. Political and legal environment7 3. 2. 7. Technological environment8 3. 3. SWOT analysis8 3. 4. Critical issues9 4. Marketing Objectives10 5. Marketing Strategies10 5. 1. Target markets10 5. 2. Product strategies11 5. 3. Pricing strategies11 5. 4. Promotion strategies11 5. 5. Distribution strategies12 6. Recommendations for change12 7. Implementation plan13 8. References A. Appendices14 14 1. Introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation is Japanese company and one of the world’s largest automaker. Toyota has created philosophies and techniques which are now implemented commonly in every organisation in the world which is called as the Toyota-style management and manufacturing technique. Toyota is well known for designing and manufacturing of concepts and future cars. Toyota was the first company to manufacture powerful and high quality hybrid car in the year 1997 (Chambers, 2008). Toyota used combination of fossil fuel and electricity for power and manufactured its well known car called ‘Prius’, which gained popularity all over the world within short time. Toyota launched hybrid Prius in Australia in 2001. We will be discussing about the marketing plan of Prius in Australian market and revolution it would create in automotive market. 2. Mission Statement: Toyota’s mission is to deliver outstanding automotive product and to provide service to their customers. It also aims in enriching our community, partners, and environment. Toyota’s four core values are customer first priority, respect for the people, international focus, continuous improvement and innovation . 3. Situation Analysis: It is the analysis of the vast amount of information regarding the organisation, product and the situation they are facing (Cohen, 2005). It consists of various environmental factors and experts call it as process of environmental scanning. 3. 1. Internal Environment: It consists of the situation inside the organisation and its internal working. It can be regarding the product, channels, and financial situation. 3. 1. 1. Product: Toyota has launched wide range of products in Australia which is divided in four segments passenger, four wheel drive and sports utility vehicles, commercial vehicles and Toyota racing development (TRD). Prius comes in the passenger segment of cars. It began in the year 1992; Toyota announced its plans to develop a car with lowest possible emission. It created committee called G-21, G known as global and 21 is twenty-first century. In 1994 the concept car named â€Å"Prius† was developed. Prius is a hybrid car which is combination of fossil fuel and electricity. It used patented Hybrid Synergy Drive system which enables car to give a whooping mileage of 100 kilometres in 4. 4litres of fuel. 3. 1. 2. Financial and non-financial situation: Toyota has large manufacturing facility at Altona, and since 2004 Toyota has invested 800 million in Australian manufacturing plant. Toyota has generated sales revenue of $9. 284 billion and has total assets of $2. 478 billion as of December, 2007. Total exports for 2007 were $1. 7 billion inclusive of parts. Toyota has 4720 employees and about 11,300 dealer employees. It produces about 148,931 vehicles and 112,415 engines. It has domestic sales of 236,647 and exports of 97,688 units to 23 countries. http://www. toyota. com. au/about/key-facts . 3. 1. 3. Channels: â€Å"Distribution channels are set of interdependent organisations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or industrial user† (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004 p). Toyota is known for its â€Å"just-in-time† production system. It produces car when there is demand from customers. There is direct network between manufacturer of components and Toyota, so that it does not have to maintain inventory. Toyota has wide network of 211 dealers in Australia. Toyota fulfils its consumers demand by its dealer network where approximately 11,300 employees serve. http://www. toyota. com. au/about/key-facts . 3. 2. External Environment: The company’s macro-environment, now known as external factors are uncontrollable forces that the company must watch and also respond to (Kotler and Armstrong, 19871). Fig. 1. (Source: Kotler, et. al [2006], pg: 169) 3. 2. 1. Markets: â€Å"A market is the set of actual and potential buyers of a product† (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004 pg7). The potential buyers of hybrid car are from higher income group and they stay in metropolitan cities. Hybrid car market can be developed in developed countries and advanced cities. Hybrid car owners are educated and have concern towards environmental factors. Hybrid car owners are few years older than average car buyers . 3. 2. 2. Competitive environment: Toyota was the first develop hybrid passenger car called Prius. The biggest competitor of Toyota is Honda. Honda has its hybrid model Insight which poses competition to Prius. Recently ford has also launched hybrid version of its popular SUV Escape. Ethanol blended fuel car also pose competition to hybrid cars, as they have low emission and good mileage. Also non-hybrid cars are not much costly as compared to hybrid cars. 3. 2. 3. Economic environment: â€Å"Factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns† (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004 p71). Considering the positive side, many companies gives special offers and incentives to encourage purchasing of hybrid vehicle. There are also Government rebates to encourage buying of hybrid vehicles. Considering the negative side customer has to pay around five to seven thousand dollars more for hybrid vehicle against non-hybrid vehicles. The battery and electric motor replacement are costly parts. Repairs and maintenance facilities are limited to dealerships only. 3. 2. 4. Demographic environment: Demographic environment is very much interest to the marketers. As demography involve people and it is the people who make the market for any product. The private market is an important market, where the consumer is either male or female and in the age group of 30 to 50 years old. The consumers are from wealthy class, they are educated, well informed and they are from AB socio-economic segment. Hence the consumer can be in profession like administrative, or higher managerial or professional occupation who are ready to purchase environmental-friendly car and also pay more for its exceptional features. 3. 2. 5. Social and cultural environment This environment represents the effect of religion, fashion, population trends; social issues like equality and social movements such as environmentalism (Dann, 2004). The customers are from higher income group. Customers have higher level of education, who is concerned about environmental crises. Prius focuses on the customers with age group few years older than the average car buyers, and mostly women prefer for this car. It is preferred by customers who drive fewer miles and ready to pay more for their car. 3. 2. 6. Political and legal environment Australia is quite receptive towards foreign firms to invest in country. Government attract foreign investment by giving various incentives. Australia is politically stable country and has democratic government. So there are less risk for change of policy, increase of duty, blocking company’s property and currency and takeover of company’s property. Government bureaucracy is also important factor which help companies with good market information, efficient custom handling (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). 3. 2. 7. Technological environment Toyota was first company to successfully launch a hybrid commercial vehicle. High level of research and development and after a long experiment Toyota launched Prius in late 1997. It has developed patented hybrid system called Hybrid Synergy Drive. It provides a combination of electric power and fossil fuel which gives an eye-catching mileage of about 100 kilometres in 4. 4liter of fuel. This technology gives high power output and greater performance as it is combination of fuel and electricity. Due to this combination the car goes for more kilometres in less fuel. This car has fewer emissions and pollutants problem. We can say that hybrid technology gives us clean, powerful and efficient car. 3. 3. SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis is the overall evaluation of company’s strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threat. Strengths: ?Toyota is one of the world’s largest car manufacturers having reliable and high quality image. ?A hybrid car cuts emission by 25% to 30% ?‘Just-In-Time’ production ?It has greater fuel economy typically around 100 kilometres in 4. 4litres ? Government gives incentives on hybrid cars. ?It has the â€Å"green† image for car. ?It is â€Å"new† and successful technology. Weakness: ?There is high cost involved in research and development and technology is costly. ?The car is much pricier than non-hybrid cars. ?Fuel saving is limited, and only if the car is driven within the limit. ?It has low speed? Customers has limited choice ?The maintenance can be costly as lot of electronics and computer are involved Opportunities: ?Targeting the people who are environmentally conscious. ?It can be used to lower the global warming concerns ?As technology becomes more and more affordable, car can introduced in lower income segment ? There is also scope for future government policy for transition to hybrid technology. Threats: ?In non-hybrid cars with gasoline and ethanol blend, gives good mileage and have lower emission problem ? Diesel technology also gives good mileage, but has emission problems ? There are threats from small cars like Honda Civic or Mazda 3 which are fuel efficient and less costly than hybrid cars. ?To pay four to six thousand dollars more to get twenty five percent improvement can be a tough decision to make. 3. 4. Critical Issues: ?Will the cost of hybrid cars Prius be reduce? ?Can lower economic segment of society be able to buy Prius? ?Can the maintenance of car and parts become cheaper? ?Will customers have a variety of hybrid models to choose from? ?Can Prius become more fuel efficient? ?Can the emission be reducing to almost negligible? ?Should Toyota focus its research on other type of hybrid vehicles? 4. Marketing Objectives: ?Customers and consumers should be made aware of new product i. e. Toyota Prius. ?Increasing shareholders wealth which is achieved by higher profits and increased sales. ?As this is new product and having new technology, the objective is to educate consumers and explain its working and advantage of this. ?Prius should me made marketed so as to make it valid alternative to traditional cars. ?Customers should be communicated through website, brochures, visiting local dealer and ordering test drive to know about Prius. ?Communication should lead to purchase, and also number of visits to dealer should be turned into sales. 5. Marketing Strategy: Marketing strategy also known as ‘the game plan’ is used to fulfil the plan’s objective. It consist of strategy for target markets, product strategy, pricing strategy, promotion and distribution strategy (Kotler et. al, 2006). 5. 1. Target markets: Target market consists of a set of buyers who share common needs or characteristics that the company has decided to serve (Kotler et. al, 2007). Toyota is the first mass produced hybrid car. Hybrid car market is new and having light competitive. Prius belong to the lower to medium passenger car segment. Toyota has competition from Honda’s Insight, which is the two-seat sports car. But it is not offering the features like Prius. Prius focuses on providing comfort to passenger segment i. e. C, so there is strong competition in this segment . The target market for Prius concentrate on two major categories: the customers and consumer. Customers are corporate buyers and fleet. Customers buy cars either for corporate hire / rental or for company fleets. Toyota can make tie-ups with corporate and provide special offers to them. They can be reached through business press and media. Since Prius is low in operating cost and its environmental friendly features makes it interesting for business buyers. In consumer market, Prius focuses on consumer who is few years older than average car buyers. It focuses especially females with higher income group. Consumers who are eco friendly and educated are also targeted . 5. 2. Product strategies: â€Å"It is the total benefit that the seller offers through its product features to its customers† (Dann and Dann, 2004 p20). Toyota Prius is a product which requires high involvement and it’s having unique features, which require personal selling. Personal selling can be achieved through the dealer network, which will be given special training about the car, its advantages and also trained to overcome objections form customers. Personal training is also useful to target corporate customers and fleet buying customers, who buy fleet of cars for rental or corporate use, by convincing them about the environmental factors and efficiency in long term use. Dealers should also personally visit the potential buyer group, like environmental friendly and higher income group. 5. 3. Pricing strategies: â€Å"Pricing strategy is a cost to the customer incurred by acquiring and using the products† (Dann and Dann, 2004 p20). As Prius is new technology and new product in market it is some-what costly than other traditional cars. To make people buy Prius, company should implement sales promotion and there should be incentives to buy Prius. This helps product to be accepted in market at its early stage of life-cycle. There should be tie-ups with government to encourage the sale of hybrid and clean cars. Government should give incentives to buy low emission and hybrid cars. Currently Prius is available between ranges of $37,400 to $46,900. This price tag is quite high as compared to other cars of the same segment. 5. 4. Promotion strategies: â€Å"Promotion strategy is the use of audio and visual communications, elements of marketing for the purpose of getting a message to the market place† (Dann and Dann, 2004 p20). The promotion of the Prius can be done through mass communication media. There should be continuous advertisement in news papers and magazines about the cars and its features. Television commercials are expensive, but they are very effective strategy in promotion. Other media is radio and hoardings which can influence customers to buy car. The brand image of the product can be made by sponsoring some sports events or similar kind of promotion, which will boosts sales of the car. One of the better ways to promote Prius is associate it with some celebrity from Hollywood or some sports or cricket personality. This will create a different image of car for the people. 5. 5. Distribution strategies Distribution strategy plays an important role in marketing. Toyota is having wide network of 211 dealers in Australia. The retail private buyer i. e. consumer will buy the car from the franchised dealer network. There should be special dealers for the fleet buyers, who buy cars in fleet for corporate or rental use, so as to demonstrate the benefits and advantage of hybrid car. This should be directly connected to company so that the cars can be customised according to the need of the corporate users. There should be strong supplier network. Distribution strategy should be set for the supplier network also so that it receives components and parts on just-in-time basis. 6. Recommendations for change: As Prius is new concept with new technology, there should be rigorous testing on the car so that product is placed at strong position in market. Testing with the customer and consumer makes their ideas clear about the car and encourage them to go for hybrid car. There should be campaigns and promotion activities for corporate and fleet buying customers. Company should carry out seminars and demonstration for customer, where they are explained the benefits of hybrid cars and its benefits in long term use. There should be personal promotion strategy used by the dealer. The existing customers of Toyota and the owners of expensive car should be contacted by mail and telephone to create awareness for the vehicle. Company should create awareness about environmental concern and rising fuel price. Government should participate in promotion activity to use hybrid cars by giving incentives or tax benefits for the hybrid car customers. There should be research and development to reduce the cost of the car. There should be specialised dealer network for specialised hybrid car like Prius. Television, print media, radios; hoardings are one of the best means for the promotion activity. 7. Implementation plan: The above recommended plan can be implemented by using various promotion activities. The dealer should make the car run on streets of city with promotional advertisement on the car. This creates direct impact on the people. The car should be promoted by television programs which deal with cars like the Top Gear on BBC, which can create a positive image of the car. Promotional activity can be carried out by the use of print media in business magazine like The Time, Fortune, etc. also in daily news papers and periodicals. Outdoor billboards should be placed in busy areas like station and in urban areas. Internet can be used to directly reach to people. There should be online brochures and facility to have detailed specification of car. Customers should be able to book car online and also test drive. Time line must be set and there should be target number of vehicles that must be sold within the time frame. There should be attractive price and attractive looks and features that will force people to buy the car. 8. References: CHAMBERS K [2008] â€Å"Toyota† Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, London. DANN S and DANN S [2004] â€Å"Introduction to Marketing† John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd. KOTLER P and ARMSTRONG G [2007] â€Å"Marketing – an introduction† 3rd ed. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. KOTLER P, BROWN L, ADAM S, BURTON S and ARMSTRONG G [2007] â€Å"Marketing† 7th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, Australia. Website: [http://www. toyota.com. au/about/vision] accessed 2/03/2009, 0900hrs. [http://andidas. deviantart. net/projects/academic/MaketingCommunications_ToyotaPriusMarketingPlan. pdf] accessed 2/02/2009, 1000hrs. [http://www. toyota. co. jp/en/tech/environment/hsd/pdf/a_guide_to_hsd. pdf] accessed 1/02/2009, 1100hrs. [http://www. toyota. com. au/about/key-facts] accessed 1/02/2009, 1100hrs. [http://www. hybridcars. com/hybrid-drivers/profile-of-hybrid-drivers. html] accessed 2/02/2009, 1600hrs. A. Appendices: Figure 1. Major Force in organisation’s macro environment.

Bangalore (Bengaluru)

Bangalore (Bengaluru) Bangalore (Bengaluru) Flight to Bangalore (Bengaluru) Bangalore (Bengaluru) is famous as the garden city of India with a total population of 7 million. It has created a special place on Indian map with a brand new airport and over 400 daily flights connecting it nationally and internationally. With the new international airport coming up in Bangalore, more and more flights are landing and taking off from Bengaluru. Also with the low flight prices and cheap flight tickets available in India, it makes sense to travel by air more often. Deals22.com assures you the best and the cheapest tickets for all Bangalore flights. Our booking engine helps you search, compare and book tickets across the top travel sites. Jet Airways, Kingfisher, Indian Airlines, Air India, Spicejet, Air Deccan, Indigo, Paramount and GO Air operate daily flights on the Delhi Bangalore, Mumbai Bangalore, Kolkata Bangalore and Hyderabad Bangalore routes and you can easily book your flight through deals22.com Bangalore (Bengaluru) is known as the IT capital of India and Bangalore is also one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Bangalore (Bengaluru) airport is located outside the city near Devanahalli but is still well connected to the city. Several airlines and flight operators offer discounted tickets and special fares for Bangalore flights (Bengaluru Flights). The drive from Bangalore City Center to the Benagalure airport takes about 45 minutes. But the traffic scenario in Bengaluru (Bangalore) can actually increase the commute time to more than 2 hours. It is advised that you start about 4 hours before the flight time. About Bangalore Bangalore (Bengaluru) is the 3rd largest Indian city after Delhi and Mumbai (Bombay). It hosts more than 3000 IT companies and this explains the expansion in regular flights and easy availability of flight tickets. Bangalore has emerged as the software capital of India and the infrastructure has improved considerably including the airport and flights. Attractions Places of Interest : Mahatma Gandhi (MG) Road, Lal Bagh Botanical Garden, Tipu Sultan Palace, Bannerghatta National Park Entertainment Shopping : Bombay Store, Majestic Area, Hong Kong Market, Burma Bazaar Temples : Nandi Temple, Belur Temple, St. Marks Cathedral, When to go Bangalore (Bengaluru) boasts of pleasant weather all through the year but it is best to be visited during light winters. You can enjoy the pleasantness of weather, the gardens of the city and the very interesting night life of the city. We at deals22, will make sure that you get the best deals in terms of your travel. Choose from Jet Airways, Kingfisher, Indian Airlines, Air India, Spicejet, Air Deccan, Indigo, Paramount and GO Air to book your tickets. Flights to Bangalore (Bengaluru) are available daily from most of the Indian airports and it makes it very convenient to visit this cyber city. With the sharp rise in the special offers on flight tickets and cheap flight ticket airlines, air travel has become more prevalent. So just grab the best fares on cheap ticket flights and begin your journey to Bangalore (Bengaluru).

Ford Motor Company - Supply Chain Strategy :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An analysis of the current situation revealed the following issues in the current spply chain: Ø Information flow impaired beyond level one suppliers. Ø Development of Information Technology in the supplier base. Ø Competitors headed to a virtual organisation. The decision to be taken is whether to virtually integrate the supply chain (create a virtual marketplace accessible to authorised personnel) or carry on operating the traditional way automakers have. The recommendation is to virtually integrate by creating an online centre where for a small fee, using only an Internet browser suppliers will have access to the centre’s large database. This facility will be extended to dealers and customers. The implementation costs will be approximately, but there will be significant amount of savings by the way of purchase discounts and lower transaction costs on materials, and parts. Also as there is reduced buffer stock due to speedy real time information flow leading to reductions in inventory and storage costs. Additional revenue will be generated from transaction fees and advertisements placed. CURRENT SITUATION ANALYSIS PHYSICAL FLOW OF GOODS Ford has a large supplier base for material procurement in a complex network of business relationships. Ø The supply base consists of several tiers of suppliers. Ford directly deals with tier one suppliers and these deal with the next tiers. If feasible the lower tier suppliers ship materials directly to Fords’ manufacturing unit. Ø Long-term contracts with suppliers have been negotiated to ensure uninterrupted supply and minimum inventory levels. Ø Ford has provided its suppliers with techniques like Just-In-Time, (JIT) Total Quality Management (TQM) And Statistical Process Control (SPC). Ford benefits by procuring materials at reduced cost and supplier involvement in the company operations like design process, leading to cost saving for both parties. Ø The Ford Production System (FPS) is designed to make the operations leaner, efficient and more responsive to the customer needs, hence reducing production costs and improving profit margins. Ø The Regional mixing centres optimise schedules and delivery of finished vehicles via railway, to provide customers the right product at the right time and place, Ford Motor Company - Supply Chain Strategy :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Essays EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An analysis of the current situation revealed the following issues in the current spply chain: Ø Information flow impaired beyond level one suppliers. Ø Development of Information Technology in the supplier base. Ø Competitors headed to a virtual organisation. The decision to be taken is whether to virtually integrate the supply chain (create a virtual marketplace accessible to authorised personnel) or carry on operating the traditional way automakers have. The recommendation is to virtually integrate by creating an online centre where for a small fee, using only an Internet browser suppliers will have access to the centre’s large database. This facility will be extended to dealers and customers. The implementation costs will be approximately, but there will be significant amount of savings by the way of purchase discounts and lower transaction costs on materials, and parts. Also as there is reduced buffer stock due to speedy real time information flow leading to reductions in inventory and storage costs. Additional revenue will be generated from transaction fees and advertisements placed. CURRENT SITUATION ANALYSIS PHYSICAL FLOW OF GOODS Ford has a large supplier base for material procurement in a complex network of business relationships. Ø The supply base consists of several tiers of suppliers. Ford directly deals with tier one suppliers and these deal with the next tiers. If feasible the lower tier suppliers ship materials directly to Fords’ manufacturing unit. Ø Long-term contracts with suppliers have been negotiated to ensure uninterrupted supply and minimum inventory levels. Ø Ford has provided its suppliers with techniques like Just-In-Time, (JIT) Total Quality Management (TQM) And Statistical Process Control (SPC). Ford benefits by procuring materials at reduced cost and supplier involvement in the company operations like design process, leading to cost saving for both parties. Ø The Ford Production System (FPS) is designed to make the operations leaner, efficient and more responsive to the customer needs, hence reducing production costs and improving profit margins. Ø The Regional mixing centres optimise schedules and delivery of finished vehicles via railway, to provide customers the right product at the right time and place,

The Atom :: essays research papers fc

The Atom In the spring of 1897 J.J. Thomson demonstrated that the beam of glowing matter in a cathode-ray tube was not made of light waves, as "the almost unanimous opinion of German physicists" held. Rather, cathode rays were negatively charged particles boiling off the negative cathode and attracted to the positive anode. These particles could be deflected by an electric field and bent into curved paths by a magnetic field. They were much lighter than hydrogen atoms and were identical "what ever the gas through which the discharge passes" if gas was introduced into the tube. Since they were lighter than the lightest known kind of matter and identical regardless of the kind of matter they were born from, it followed that they must be some basic constituent part of matter, and if they were a part, then there must be a whole. The real, physical electron implied a real, physical atom: the particulate theory of matter was therefore justified for the first time convincingly by physical experiment. They sang success at the annual Cavendish dinner. Armed with the electron, and knowing from other experiment that what was left when electrons were stripped away from an atom was much more massive remainder that was positively charged, Thomson went on in the next decade to develop a model of the atom that came to be called the "plum pudding" model. The Thomson atom, "a number of negatively electrified corpuscles enclosed in a sphere of uniform positive electrification" like raisins in a pudding, was a hybrid: particulate electrons and diffuse remainder. It served the useful purpose of demonstrating mathematically that electrons could be arranged in a stable configurations within an atom and that the mathematically stable arrangements could account for the similarities and regularities among chemical elements that the periodic table of the elements displays. It was becoming clear that the electrons were responsible for chemical affinities between elements, that chemistry was ultimately electrical. Thomson just missed discovering X rays in 1884. He was not so unlucky in legend as the Oxford physicist Frederick Smith, who found that photographic plates kept near a cathode-ray tube were liable to be fogged and merely told his assistant to move them to another place. Thomson noticed that glass tubing held "at a distance of some feet from the discharge-tube" fluoresced just as the wall of the tube itself did when bombarded with cathode rays, but he was too intent on studying the rays themselves to purse the cause. Rontgen isolated the effect by covering his cathode-ray tube with black paper. When a nearby screen of florescent material still glowed he realized that whatever was causing the

Pakistan :: essays research papers fc

Pakistan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pakistan is a country that, since its creation, has been rooted in turmoil. The recent years are no exception to this. Since 1988, power has been divided among the president, the prime minister and the military. Tensions between the three, however, have led to eight changes of government and three elections. No elected leader has ever completed a full term in office. Benazir Bhutto, who was dismissed by the president in August 1990 after only twenty-one months in office, is the only Pakistani leader to be given a second chance at ruling (Newberg 19). On October 6, 1993 a general election was held in Pakistan. The Pakistan People's Party (or PPP) received a majority of the vote and as a result Benazir Bhutto once again became prime minister. This time however, she has a pliant president in the form of an old friend. On November 13, 1993, Farooq Leghari was elected the country president. Yet even with this unique opportunity for agreement within the ruling circle reforms have not taken place (The Europa World Year Book 2460). Despite the PPP's success in the 1993 election they still faced uncertainty. They lack not only a parliamentary majority but unity within their own ranks. One of the biggest problems was a bitter family feud between Benazir Bhutto and her mother, Begum and brother, Murtaza. Murtaza had returned from exile to claim a seat in the Sind provincial assembly, but was immediately arrested for alleged terrorist activity. In late December 1993, Benazir removed her mother as PPP co-chair after she had endorsed Murtaza's claim that he was the rightful heir to his father's political legacy. However, in September 1994, the family feud seemed to end during a visit of the prime minister to her mother (Banks 717).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Pakistan the end of the cold war had not brought on new, pragmatic thinking on foreign policy that could make Pakistan less reliant on Western support and allow it to develop closer ties with its neighbors. After the cold war, many third world countries were abandoned by their protectorates- the U.S. or the former soviet Union. However Pakistan's elite has yet to fend for itself (Rashad 158). Pakistan's relations with India worsened. Since the creation of Pakistan, relations with India have dominated foreign affairs. These relations reflect a centuries old rivalry between Hindus and Muslims. The reason for the tensions today is allegations that each side was on the verge of conducting nuclear tests (Year Book 2462).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much of Pakistan's problems stem from a legacy of rule by a small group of around 300 families. Through blood ties, marriage, and business, they have

No Cigarettes, No Smoking

The harm of smoking is a hot issue which has being discussed in many countries for a long time. There are 1. 2 billion of smokers in this world, which is one-fifth of the world population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that adult male smokers lost an average of 13. 2 years of life and female smokers lost 14. 5 years of life because of smoking. Even though people know that cigarette is bad for health, they still have freedom of smoking. Nowadays, both producing and smoking cigarettes are still free choices especially in America because as Americans we first protect our freedoms and the government gives us rights to choose our own ways of life include the free market economy for producing cigarettes and the freedom of smoking. But cigarettes have nothing good for health. It not only kills the smokers themselves but also harms the non-smokers by breathing second-hand smokers, which should be considered as murder. So governments should make law to stop producing cigarettes completely. Smoking cigarettes may increase the risk of many health problems. According to the 1982 United States Surgeon General's report, â€Å"Cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality [death] in the United States. † Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of 90% of lung cancers which is one of the hardest cancers to treat and others cancers in the mouth, larynx, esophagus, kidney. It may also cause heart disease, aneurysms and stroke, etc. Besides, breathing secondhand smoke is also harmful, just like the 2006 US Surgeon General's report said that the secondhand smoke kills children and adults who don't smoke. So, we should find a way to save the lives of the smokers and protect the non-smokers from smoking. There are already variety ways to control smoking, but none of these ideas can stop smoking completely. For example, people think schools should teach kids and teenagers about the harms of smoking because education is the best way to keep their children out of reach of cigarettes. All the high schools in United States have health class which teaches teenagers the health problems that would caused by smoking. I remember that when I was in high school, we had two speakers telling us their smoking experiences. They are two old men who had smoked or many years and when they talked to us, they had to breathe through a hole in their throat. After that class, I felt that I hate smoking much more than before, and I believed that class would help motivate teenagers to get away from cigarettes. However, there are still many teenage smokers who don’t care enough about their own health, the y just want to get the short term excitement but never think about the long term effects. According to Harris’s statement in â€Å"The Tipping Point†, even early education of dangers of smoking doesn't work so well. â€Å"Telling teenagers about the health risks of smoking — It will make you wrinkled! It will make you impotent! It will make you dead! — is useless† (The Tipping Point 249). This tells us another truth which is that children don’t care about what adults are saying, but what they are doing. It is impossible for adults to produce and smoke cigarettes, and teach the children not to smoke at the same time. Tobacco products in the UAE found another way to discourage smoking. They carry graphics of blackened lungs and a hemorrhaged-impacted brain on cigarette packs to warn the smokers about the dangers of smoking. This is only a reminder of the dangers of smoking but not an action to stop it. Smokers will buy cigarettes no matter what graphic is on the pack, and the problem of smoking will be still there unsolved. Making law to ban smoking seems like a good idea and many governments have doing it. Singapore is the best example of smoking ban and it has been extended to almost all the public places. According to the present law of smoking ban in Singapore, â€Å"Smokers found flouting the rules are fined a minimum S $200 Singapore dollar up to a maximum of S$1000 if convicted in court, while the managers of the establishments are fined S$200 for a first offence, and S$500 for a subsequent offence. This idea is much better than others. But the problem is that no matter what punishment is it, if someone wants to have a cigarette, they will always find a place to smoke. Besides the examples that I mentioned above, in Gladwell’s book, he also states many other things that people have tried for controlling smoking. â€Å"The anti-smoking movement has focused, so far, on raising cigarette prices, curtailing cigarette advertising, running public health messages on radio and television, limiting access of cigarettes to minors, and drilling anti-tobacco messages into schoolchildren. (TP 250) If any of these ideas have been worked out, we won’t be discussing smoking issue now. I believe that all the methods include the anti-smoking movement are helpful to control smoking and discourage people to smoke less. But we have to face the truth which is that once there are people producing cigarettes, there will be people smoking. In fact cigarette is the guilty agent and it should not be produced. Thus, stop producing cigarettes is the only solution to solve the smoking problem thoroughly and save people’s lives. In the past, we have to use many different ways to discourage smoking because people smoke for different reasons. But if there’s no cigarette in this planet, people who smoke for relieving stress and boosting mood will find other healthy activities to do to relax themselves instead of smoking. Many teenagers who smoke because they’re curious, want to try something dangerous, or to act like adults, won’t have these kinds of thoughts at all if no one around them smoke. And for the heavy smokers who are already addicted and failed to quit smoking, there will be no more temptation. Since here is a solution which can solve all the problems at one time, why don’t we try it? Stop producing cigarettes will affect the benefits of the Cigarettes Company producers and the governments, and it may also lead to unemployment in tobacco industry, so it is the governments’ responsibility to make a law of it to lead and urge all the people include the producers and the smokers to practice together and make this solution works. Although it is not an easy thing to do and it must take long time to be done, we should start from small step and make it come true, because no matter which country we are from, as human we suppose to have at least one common value that health is much more important than material benefits, in fact it is the most important thing in everyone’s life.

Nike vs Adidas Essay

My ara of study for this pop the question would be more than on comparing the execution of instruments for Nike and Adidas for the past 5 yrs. In this roam I would explain the performance much(prenominal) as maturation in boodles, tax revenues, trade sh are, the attach to employers and employees, size of the commercialize distribute, step for change magnitude the companionable performance, products performance, separatends per contend, pluss and the ships company investment. Nike and Adidas and lose been the top dickens leading run around companies in the athletic contest intentness all over the past few decades.These twain companies cheat on and offer wide range of products for the customers and their products offered is mainly on mag female genital organ profitic variations wear for men and women and caters to consumers from disparate age groups. Their products consist on costume such as jerseys, shirts, t-shirts, shorts and pants. These companie s to a fault provide the customers varieties of footwear such as larks shoes, casual shoes, boots, sandals and comportings. Besides that, fashion accessories are also offered from these three companies such as bags, watch, bracelets, wallets and purse.And lastly they also offer a wide range of swordplay gears for their customers. Nike and Adidas suck also been the top sponsors in the rollick industry. Sponsoring their products is grave for the companies to get brand recognition, make their brand image and to promote their latest products. Nike and Adidas realize been sponsoring equipments, clothing and accessories for jockstraps and coaches in dramatic play tournaments and events. For instance, these three companies sponsor their products for football, soccer, basketball, baseball and legion(predicate) more. These companies also include slogan and adage for their company.Nikes motto is Just Do It which is the signature of the brand which makes their products and the company placeable to consumers. As for Adidas, their current motto is infeasible is Nothing which serves as an encouragement to athletes for their brags. Origins and biography of Nike and Adidas Nike, originally hit the hayn as dispirited Ribbon Sports was founded by University of Oregeon track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe cleric Onitsuka Tiger, making most sales at track meets extinct of Knights automobile.The companys profits grew quickly, and in 1966, Blue Ribbon Sports opened its depression retail store, located on Pico boulevard in Santa Monica, California. By 1971, the relationship amid Blue Ribbon Sports and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end. BRS on the watch to launch its own line of footwear, which would soften the in the buffly designed Swoosh by Carolyn Davidson. The Swoosh was stolon used by Nike in June 1971, and was registered with the U. S. Patent and Trademark potency on January 22, 1974. Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Adi Dassler, by-line the split of Gebruder Dassler Schuhfabrik between him and his older br different, Rudolf.Rudolf would later(prenominal) establish Puma, which was the early rival of Adidas. Registered in 1949, Adidas is currently based in Herzogenaurach, Ger galore(postnominal). The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel bars, and the homogeneous motif is incorporated into Adidass current official logo. The Three Stripes were bought from the Finnish sport company Karhu Sports in the 1950s. accusing The objective of the draw is to stride and differentiate the marketing strategies of the top two sport fashion companies which are Nike and Adidas.So this propose would be mainly conducted to resolute the similarities and differences of the two sport companies marketing strategies. Besides that, this externalize will compare on the performance of Nike and Adidas which inc lude the companys growth in revenues, profits or top income, dividends per share, size of company in the market, performances of employees, step for increasing the social responsibility performance, products performance, stock performance and the company performances in investment. worry StatementFirstly, the sport industry is beseeming ever more competitive, with new brands competing for a share of consumers for the products in the market. Building a relationship with customers is a challenge face up for Nike and Adidas. This is because the companies need to be followed up with new trends and styles in the industry for their customers in tell for them to physique their products brand and image. Secondly, there was a case happened in China where a local Chinese domestic sports goods shaper company called Li Ning opened 6917 stores in mainland China by December 31,2008 aking it 1241 more than the stratum of 2007.During the category 2008, Li Ning has print its pecuniary r eport which states that cod to the capital of Red China Olympic Games, the company make full revenues of CNY 669(million) a family on- yr-increase of 53. 8% compared to the twelvemonth 2007. Not only that, Li Ning made an overall entry into the market of southeast Asia. Now they have stores in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and opposite Southeast Asia countries. This became a problem for Nike and Adidas where the two international giants see recession in their performance in China.According to the financial report of Adidas, the companys net profit fall by 95% to 130 million in the first half of the course. As for the sales revenue, it lessen by 2% to 5. 03 billion. As for Nike number of distributors were minify in the stratum 2008 due with the bad performance. Thirdly, the problem that attr functioned me to do this roam is because I would like to know why Nike had low growth in revenue in the year of 2009. Nike had only increase 3% of its revenue to $ 19176. (million) , with net income go 21% to $ 1486. 7(million). As for Adidas, they also had the same(p) problem. tho the problem for Adidas was worst compared to Nike because at the year of 2009, the company net income is 10381(million) which change magnitude compared to the year 2008 which is 10799(million). These two companies had their difficulties is the year of 2009. So I would eager to find out about the problems they faced during that year. Significance of pick upThe importance of doing this project would be very(prenominal) important to other parties and companies. In this case, little(a) and medium enterp procession (SME) would get the advantages and benefits because they would know how the spoiledger companies such as Nike and Adidas operates their businesses, how they trade in their products and services to their customers, what kind of marketing strategies they use, how the companies measure their performances and the most important cogitate is how Nike and Adidas continues to effect a big market doer in the sports industry.As part of that, this project will comprise mainly of secantary to medium-sized companies to engage in a potpourri of activities which includes manufacturing of sport goods, sport tourism, media, and construction of venues. For example, atomic and medium enterprise (SME) in Malaysia can take the opportunity to get intricate with sport products, services, sponsorships, hosting up international sport tournaments and events.And non to forget, the involvement of (SME) would also helps our artless in the tourism sector because many athletes and participants will get to travel and recall our unsophisticated and this will relatively build the countries economic performances. Corporate social responsibilities (CSR) also play a role for every(prenominal) sport companies in responsibility to act in a way that positively contributes to their stakeholders and the communities in which they exist.In this case, it is increasingly impor tant for the social and economic issues such as rapid technological change, a different and aging population, environmental changes and mounting concerns regarding the countrys developing social divide have resulted in focusing on the responsibility of firms to the communities in which they operate. (Margolis & Walsh 2003 Sagawa & Segal 2000) Justification The ground I chose this topic is because the project is kindle as sports is an important part of straightaways society and plays a commodious role in many plentys lives.From a social standpoint, sport plays a positive role in uniting people from different social backgrounds. This can aid peoples understanding and tolerance of each other. As far as education is concerned, sport is an important part of every kidskins schooling, as it plays a big role in both their tangible and mental development. It teaches children how to work as a part of a team and sustain with others, while at the same age improving physical condition. The second reason I chose sports industry because this industry is growing rapidly in Malaysia.There are continuous demands from customers, sports athletes, and models for these sport products. The Malaysian sport industry is considered as a tender industry comp revolt of small and medium-sized businesses. The Malaysian sports industry comprises of companies engaging in a transformation of activities, from the manufacturing of sport goods, sport tourism, media, to the construction of sport facilities. The third why I chose these two companies is because Nike and Adidas has been the biggest market share player in the sports industry.Nike controls 31% of athletic sportswear which is the highest market share compared to other sport companies in the year 2007. As for Adidas, they control the second highest share of athletic sportswear which is 16% of the market in 2007. As for other companies Puma controls 7%, Reebok 6%, untried Balance 6%, and Converse 4%. Expected Outcomes The ca lled outcome which I can conclude is Nike would have the discover performance for this year 2010 because their net income/profit for the past few years have been stable. Ever since the year of 2006, Nikes net income/profit stands at $ 1392. (million).As for the year 2007, it increase to $ 1491. 5(million). At the year 2008, Nikes net income/profit increased with long and outstanding amount of $ 1883. 4(million). But by the year of 2009, their company had a decrease in their net income/profit which is $ 1486. 7(million). As for Adidas, the company would not have a better performance compared to Nike because in the year 2009, their net income was only 245(million). Their net income rock-bottom with a huge margin compared to the year 2008 which is 642(million). So the key impact from the financial statement of year 2009.The net income of Adidas reduced more than 60% in 2009. But Nike was capable of stabilizing the results with a meek reduction of only 20% in 2009. As for the per formance of dividend development, Nike has shown increases in its number. For the year 2006, Nikes dividends declared per common share stands at $ 0. 59. Their company dividend increased to $ 0. 98 in the year 2009. But as for Adidas, they showed a decline from the year 2006 to 2009. In the year 2006, Adidas dividends declared per common share stands at 0. 42. While in the year 2009, Adidas dividends declared per common share felt up to 0. 5.As for the expected outcome for the year 2010, Nike would be expected to increase their dividends successfully because their dividend declared per common share has been rising steadily. As for the companys asset assessment, I can expect that Nike would do better in the assets performance in the year 2010 because their thorough assets have been increasing from the year 2006-2009. The score of assets that Nike had in the year 2006 was $ 9,869(million), in the year of 2007, Nikes assets increased to $ 10,688. 3(million). Last year, Nike had a total of assets of $ 13,250(million).This shows that Nikes assets have been increasing and it is expected to rise in the year 2010. As for Adidas, their companys total asset is not stable from the year shown in 2006-2009. In 2006, Adidas totals assets stands at 8379(million). It decreased on the next year to 8325(million). As for the year 2008, their total assets were increased to 9533(million). As for 2009, their total assets decreased to a total of 8875(million). Ever since Adidas total of assets is not stable, I can expect that Nike would do better in the assets performance.Referenceshttp//condor.depaul.edu/aalmaney/StrategicAnalysisofNike.htmhttp//www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1693768.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inchttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidashttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok

Social Class and Inequality

Social Class and Inequality Social inequality has been defined as a conflicting status within a society with regards to the individual, property rights, and access to education, medical care, and welfare programs. Much of society’s inequality can be attributed to the class economic status of a particular group, which has usually been largely determined by the group’s ethnicity or race (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The conflict perspective is an attempt to understand the group conflict that occurs by the protection of one’s status at the expense of the other.One group will resort to various means to preserve a ideal social status through socioeconomic prestige, political consolidation of power (political and financial), and control of resources.Unemployment rate is a financial index for virtually any nation.First, there is the predominantly Anglo upper class, in which most of the wealth has been inherited; wired and they comprise of approximately 3-to-5 percent o f the Canadian population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Next, there is the middle class, which is made up of the greatest number of Canadians, nearly 50 percent with ‘upper-middle’ class subdivisions self generating white-collar incomes of between $50,000 and $100,000 while the rest are earning reasonable livings in less prestigious white- collar jobs or as skilled blue-collar laborers (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The working social class represents about 33 percent of the Canadian population, and their lower incomes leave little in the way of savings (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Finally, there is the lower class, which is represented by about 20 percent of the population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Class inequalities do not seem to be extending.

For example, in Canada, physicians and lawyers continue to reside at the top of the social ladder while newspaper delivery persons or hospitality staff rank at the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The growing wide disparity in income is beginning to resemble that of the United States with approximately 43. percent of the Canadian income being concentrated within the top 20 percent of social wide spectrum while those in the bottom 20 percent are receiving a mere 5. 2 percent of that income (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).It, however, may expand further.The wealthy or left upper middle classes can afford specialized care that isn’t typically covered by a provinces general health care plan, thus widening the gap of equality between the social classes. Within the boundary of the Canadian border we can see the separation between ethnicity, and wealth which determines class.Studies show that predominately the British and French Canadians earn the highest different levels of income whereas the Africans, certain Asian groups, Latin Americans, and Aboriginals consistently rank near the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). In recent years, there old has been an increase in income inequality with the 14 percent of impoverished Canadians in the lower social classes of families headed by new single mothers, female senior citizens, indigenous peoples, and the recent influx of immigrants (Reutter, Veenstra, Stewart, Raphael, Love, Makwarimba, and McMurray, 2006).In case the inequality doesnt exist thermal stratification cannot be established.

According to Hier & Walby (2006), Porter presented the argument that â€Å"an ‘entrance status’ is assigned to less preferred immigrant groups (particularly southern and eastern Europeans†¦ that restricts collective gains in education, income, and membership among Canadas elite† (p. 83). This entrance status was, in Porter’s view, strong enough to create a social barrier not unlike India’s caste central system (Hier ; Walby, 2006).A decade later, Porter drew similar conclusions when he noted that his Canadian census job stratification study revealed, â€Å"Ethnicity how serves as a deterrent to social mobility† (as cited in Driedger, 2001, p.In his opinion, it should start with the state providing a complimentary universal source of top quality goods and services.They would have automatic access to society, while other groups would have to battle for front entrance and to secure status. Therefore, while a few managed to break throug h, most ethnic groups were consistently refused entrance. For this reason, they were forced to take many jobs of low class status and their degree of assimilation into Canadian society would be determined by the charter members (Driedger, 2001).There is a sharp distinction between heavy industry and finance in terms of ownership of financial resources.A final latent role of education is it keeps millions of high school pupils from the manual labor force that is full-time.

In the years following World War II, the French Canadians of Quebec have sought greater independence (Driedger, 2001). Their discontent resulted in the establishment of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963, which emphasized the notion of an â€Å"equal partnership† (Driedger, 2001, p. 21). Even though charter dualism is not articulated in the Canadian constitution, the Quebec provincials believed that their one-third French-speaking status along with the growing number of languages spoken by non-charter members warranted a reclassification to at the very least bilingualism and at the most, an acknowledgement of multiculturalism that would remove existing cultural barriers and provide greater social access.Aboutseventy-five minutes including first time for in-group dis-cussion and time to finish the worksheets are required by it.Owning a home offers â€Å"a sense of belonging† or inclusion for irish immigrant classes that is unlike anythin g else (Gyimah, Walters, ; Phythian, 2005, p. 338).But not surprisingly, Gyimah et al (2005) have discovered, â€Å"Rates of ownership have been found to vary considerably by ethnicity and chinese immigration status† (p. 338).Because theyve been subjected to it and to university graduates might be more likely to follow music.

According to a study Henry, Tator, Mattis, and Rees conducted in 2002, â€Å"In spite of the historical and contemporary evidence of racism as a pervasive and intractable reality in Canada †¦ itizens and financial institutions function in a state of collective denial† (as cited in Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). Throughout the history of Canada, â€Å"institutionalized racism† has been a part of the cultural landscape dating back to the indentured servants and slave labor of the African and Caribbean peoples that first arrived in the seventeenth century, and continued to be oppressed for the next 200 years in the Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec provinces (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The fur trade justified this enslavement logical and the Federal Indian Act revisions of the mid-twentieth century continued to treat certain races in a subordinate manner (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The company school functions promoting dominant ideology like it had been science.Th erefore, not surprisingly, these students were more likely to drop out of school and be denied any hope of receiving a well-paying job.Lower social different classes were also relegated to low-paying jobs because of purportedly lacking â€Å"‘Canadian’ work experience† and a lack of English language comprehension (Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). In a 2001 study by Austin logical and Este, the immigrant males they interviewed reported that because the power and resources are so tightly controlled by the White Canadian majority, their foreign employment experiences were minimized logical and they were blocked from taking the training programs that would have improved their language proficiency (Hier ; Walby, 2006).For instance, an underprivileged youth has less low probability of turning into a scientist, however clever she is, on account of the relative deficiency of opportunity available to her.

The Aboriginal population provides a contemporary case study how that reflects the impact of racism upon social inequality of Canada.The 2001 Canadian census lists a total of 976,310 Aboriginal peoples throughout the territories and provinces (Adelson, 2005). Of those, more than 600,000 are former Native Americans – referred to as First Nations – and live mostly in the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan (Adelson, 2005). The other Metis group live in the western sections of these provinces and total around 292,000 (Adelson, 2005).Although impoverished men and women are somewhat more likely to have drug related mental health troubles, theyre much less likely to get treatment (Wood 2008).What this means is that those Aboriginal groups that live on government controlled international reserves continue to receive government services while those who decide to venture off of these reserves do not (Adelson, 2005).Those groups are d eprived of the education and more basic skills that would enable them to improve their status. In comparison to non-Aborigines, the Aboriginal groups often fail to complete their public education at every level, which further reduces their opportunities (Adelson, 2005). In a 2002 study of off-reserve Aboriginals, less than half percent of these children complete the twelfth grade (Adelson, 2005).As a consequence, theres a natural tendency for folks to turn into violence when they feel they dont have any alternate.

This â€Å"circle of disadvantage† results in the Aboriginals being mired in poverty and forced to take low- paying migrant jobs that are often seasonal and provide nothing in the way of employment security (Adelson, 2005, p. 5). Solely on the basis of their ethnicity, these peoples are relegated to the social periphery and are deprived of anything remotely resembling power, prestige, or wealth. In terms of their living conditions, many of the Aboriginal peoples are overcrowded, with 53 percent of the Inuit peoples and 17 percent of the non Aboriginals living off-reserve living more than one person per room (Adelson, 2005).In the circumstances it might naive to think about.Despite their high adult mortality, the aboriginal population also has a high birth rate (Adelson, 2005). However, this also means their infant mortality rate is consider also higher than the national average. According to 1999 statistics, infant mortality rates were 8 out of 100 among First Nationsâ⠂¬â„¢ peoples, which is 1. 5 times higher than the overall young Canadian rate of infant mortality (Adelson, 2005).Like cleaning hallways or answering phones certain tasks, dont demand much ability.

Although the Aboriginal groups that stand still live on-reserve are receiving government healthcare services, these services are not necessarily of the quality the rest of the population is getting due to the government’s inability to control First Nation treaty resources and the seemingly endless â€Å"bureaucratic maze† regarding Aboriginal healthcare policy and insufficient funding (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). Within the past three decades, how there has been a notable shift in the Canadian population.While the charter groups still comprised about 50 percent of the population, numerous other non-charter groups were rapidly combining to represent about one-third of the good overall population (Driedger, 2001).Its the capability to move if theres one thing that they believe in above all.The British population decrease has in no way adversely impacted their prestigious position or political influence. English is still the dominant language and European ancestry determi nes esteemed class status. Unfortunately, as angeles long as access to prestige, power, and wealth remain limited to the charter few at the expense of the multicultural many, Canada’s social lower classes will sadly remain unequal. References Adelson, N.Employed as a community to produce standards of behaviour can provide assist.

(2001). Changing visions in ethnic relations. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 26(3), 421-451. Gyimah, S.(2005). Ethnicity, immigration and housing wealth in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 14(2), 338-363. Hier, S.Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 26(1), 83-104.Macionis, J. J. , ; Gerber, L.Retrieved late May 21, 2008, from http://wps. pearsoned. ca/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_6/73/18923/4844438. cw/index.