Sarah Jeannette Duncan’s A Mother in India Essay -- essays research pa

Sarah Jeannette Duncans A Mother in IndiaPatriarchal straightlaced Men Create Monstrous Victorian Women706 WordsA Mother in India, as a story depends on the facade of appearance and the frankness of emotional abandonment within a male dominated & Victorian society. Duncans point is that Victorian men create monstrous Victorian women. Relationships of each emotional worth are rendered impossible between capital of Montana and her daughter Cecily because of a lifespan long separation imposed by the father. It is impossible for capital of Montana to be Cecilys emotional or spiritual mother because Helena is non emotionally equipped to be anything else other than a servant to her husband. Her life has been pre-arranged by a series of male allowances and dictates. Helena and Cecilys relationship must be emotionally void to work within the shallow, materialistic pre-arrangement of their lives. Helena has nothing to offer her daughter but the emptiness that shes acquired over her life time. Helena has spent her life in an emotional vacuum. When Helena is forced to puke on emotional experience for her daughters sake she finds immature childish emotions are all she has. Cecily is as a doll to Helena that does not live up to its warranty upon close scrutiny. She recoils from the situation looking with repugnance at her alien possession. Cecily is frequently referred to as an it as opposed to my daughter by Helena. Cecily is also frightened by...

“A Scientific Romance” Essay -- Literature Review

Many people wish they could change past decisions to improve their present lives. Ronald Wrights A Scientific Romance discusses various themes that develop his characters emotional and psychological states. One of the main themes of this novel is era expire because it impacts the main character, David Lambert. Davids selfish nature is illuminated as the novel progresses because his motives are to change the past to work out in his favor. Although Davids intensions for traveling conviction seem loyal and admirable on the surface, his true intensions are selfish because Davids motives for time travel only benefit himself. He completely disregards others feelings and refuses to learn a demeanor without Anita the woman who does not love him back. He is manipulative because he wants to go back in time to a point where she love him. Although he knows her true feelings, his incentive is to manipulate her future to include him. Davids journey to the future is encompassed with remorse because he feels responsible for the death of his family and his loved one. However, David feels time travel bequeath alter his life for the better because he feels the power to change outcomes and events. Although David thinks these outcomes will workout in his favor, the author illuminates his individualal belief outcomes are beyond human control. Although he tries to play the roll of God, David fails to realize changing his decisions in the past may not exactly change the outcome of his life due to many factors, such as others unfavorable responses to his changed decisions. David travels time to attempt to manipulate the outcome of his life to work out in his favor and incur the lives he feels responsible for losing however, time travel cannot change the pe... ...m. The author proves the past cannot be changed because the novel does not have a happy ending. David resorts to time travel as a solution to his current situation because he wishes to regain his loved ones he feels responsible for losing. David is selfish because he wishes to travel back in time to change his mistakes and alter the outcome of his life to wok out in his favor. He feels responsible for the death of his love Anita, and the deaths of his parents because of his action. He feels time travel will change the outcome of events, which will make his life better in the end, but he doesnt consider the fact that it might be the person doing the actions and not the events themselves. Time travel is not the perfect solution for David, because he would be better off realizing the mistakes that he made and learning from them in revise to live a better life.

Careers In Investment Banking Essay -- essays research papers

Careers in investiture BankingA career in the securities assiduity can offer exciting prune if you enjoyworking in a competitive and demanding atmosphere. Investment bankers, stockbrokers, and stock traders all make up the securities industry providing work to each other, as well as the general public. All of people involved inthis field deal with stocks, bonds, and other financial material in some appearance oranother, but they all take a shit their own specific objectives and duties. The primarydifferences between the three are the services they provide and who they providethese services to. Investment banking seems to be the most interesting of thethree, as well as the most rewarding. This is due to the nature of the job aninvestment funds banker must perform. A career as an investment banker has its prosand cons just as any career does, but if youre feeling for a high-demanding,high-risk career that at times is truly rewarding financially, investment bankingcould be th e career.Investment banking has been around since stocks have been issued andbonds sold, but the field demanded little, if any new jobs before the 1980s.This was due to the low complexity of the financial markets. Since then,investment banking jobs have been significantly growing due to the availabilityof complex securities and high-yield bonds, also known as junkbonds.(Investment Banking,12) Now that the financial market has become morecomplex, companies that didnt rent and investment bankers now lease theiradvice to effectively help their company sell stocks and bonds, and to makefinancial plans for the future. This shows the growing need for investmentbankers in the securities industry.Investment bankers mete out a major(ip) part in shaping our nations economy aswell as the worlds. This is done by devising financial plans and putting theminto effect. The edge of doing this is actually time consuming but doesnt seem abit boring. Investment bankers also spend a lot of time tr aveling to sundry(a)clients to present ideas and when at home, investment bankers work on developingfinancial plans and strategies for clients. All this work can get on to be verytime consuming, and it is. check to Linda C. (So You Want To Be, 2) atypical day for an investment banker out of school is to start a... ...compensation on performance, employees of that warm work under extreme instancyto produce successful results. To many, this method of rewarding bankers is apositive, but others feel it is way too stressful not to be guaranteed a fixedincome. another(prenominal) drawback to working in the securities industry is a lack of jobsecurity. Poor performance or non-performance, being too conservative, can be a mountainous factor determining whether a firm should keep its employees ornot.(Investment Banking,3)When deciding whether a career in this finicky field is right forsomeone looking into investment banking, one must first consider the advantagesand the disadvantages of this particular career, and then decide whether the jobwill pillowcase his or her individual needs. In general, a career in the securitiesindustry seems extremely hard and very time consuming, and from time to time,has had me contemplating whether or not to major in finance. The type of workdemanded is very diverse and seems very interesting, with very high compensationfor individual performance. With that in mind, choosing to go into thesecurities industry could be very rewarding. Careers In Investment Banking Essay -- essays research papers Careers in Investment BankingA career in the securities industry can offer exciting work if you enjoyworking in a competitive and demanding atmosphere. Investment bankers, stockbrokers, and stock traders all make up the securities industry providingservices to each other, as well as the general public. All of people involved inthis field deal with stocks, bonds, and other financial material in some way oranother, but they all have their own specific objectives and duties. The primarydifferences between the three are the services they provide and who they providethese services to. Investment banking seems to be the most interesting of thethree, as well as the most rewarding. This is due to the nature of the job aninvestment banker must perform. A career as an investment banker has its prosand cons just as any career does, but if youre looking for a high-demanding,high-risk career that at times is very rewarding financially, investment bankingcould be the career.Investment banking has been around since stocks have been issued andbonds sold, but the field demanded little, if any new jobs before the 1980s.This was due to the low complexity of the financial markets. Since then,investment banking jobs have been significantly growing due to the availabilityof complex securities and high-yield bonds, also known as junkbonds.(Investment Banking,12) Now that the financial market has become morecomplex, compani es that didnt require and investment bankers now need theiradvice to effectively help their company sell stocks and bonds, and to makefinancial plans for the future. This shows the growing need for investmentbankers in the securities industry.Investment bankers serve a major part in shaping our nations economy aswell as the worlds. This is done by devising financial plans and putting theminto effect. The process of doing this is very time consuming but doesnt seem abit boring. Investment bankers also spend a lot of time traveling to variousclients to present ideas and when at home, investment bankers work on developingfinancial plans and strategies for clients. All this work can appear to be verytime consuming, and it is. According to Linda C. (So You Want To Be, 2) atypical day for an investment banker out of school is to start a... ...compensation on performance, employees of that firm work under extreme pressureto produce successful results. To many, this method of rewarding ban kers is apositive, but others feel it is way too stressful not to be guaranteed a fixedincome. Another drawback to working in the securities industry is a lack of jobsecurity. Poor performance or non-performance, being too conservative, can be alarge factor determining whether a firm should keep its employees ornot.(Investment Banking,3)When deciding whether a career in this particular field is right forsomeone looking into investment banking, one must first consider the advantagesand the disadvantages of this particular career, and then decide whether the jobwill suit his or her individual needs. In general, a career in the securitiesindustry seems extremely hard and very time consuming, and from time to time,has had me contemplating whether or not to major in finance. The type of workdemanded is very diverse and seems very interesting, with very high compensationfor individual performance. With that in mind, choosing to go into thesecurities industry could be very rewarding.

Indifference to Anxiety in Cranes The Open Boat Essay example -- Open

Indifference to Anxiety in Cranes The Open Boat In recent years, comminuted response to Stephen Cranes The Open Boat has shifted dramatic in ally, focusing less on the tales philosophical agendas than on its epistemological implications. The story no longer stands as merely a naturalistic depiction of natures monumental indifference or as simply an existential affirmation of fifes absurdity. Instead, we have slowly come to realize a clean level of the text, one that, according to Donna Gerstenberger, explores mans limited capacities for knowing reality (557). Gerstenbergers conclusion that the tale may be best viewed as a story with an epistemological emphasis, one which constantly reminds its reader of the impossibility of mans knowing anything, even that which he experiences (560), is further developed by doubting Thomas L. Kent If we insist that the text be understand naturalistically, if we insist, that the text must have some sort of overarching meaning --- even a meaning that shows the world to be existentially absurd --- we place ourselves in the similar boat as the deluded castaways who felt that, they could then be interpreters. On both the narrative and extra-textual levels, the subject of The Open Boat is epistemology, and the text suggests that meaning in the universe is secondary to mans ability to preceive sic it. (264) Building upon the insights of Gerstenberger, Kent and others, l hope to show bow the structure of The Open Boat creates an epistemological dilemma, moving the reader from a couch of epistemological indifference to a state of epistemological anxiety. Four key moments in the story create this shift from indifference to anxiety first, in role 1, the opening sentence... ...st way allowing us to know what it is they are now interpreters of, Crane highlights more than our own inability to achieve interpretation, to gain access to knowledge. Rather, he has position us in such a position that we must shed our casual indifferen ce to our epistemological failures and embrace, unwillingly perhaps, the anxiety that will attend all of our efforts to read lifes impenetrable meanings. WORKS CITED Crane, Stephen. The Open Boat. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane Volume V, Tales of Adventure. Ed. Fredson Bowers. Charlottesville UP of Virginia, 1970. Gerstenberger, Donna. The Open Boat An Additional Perspective. Modern Fiction Studies 17 (1971-72)557-561. Kent, Thomas L The Problem of Knowledge inThe Open Boatand The Blu Hotel. American Literary Realism 14 (1981) 262-268.

Comparing Canterbury Tales, Burgermeisters Daughter and the Writings o

Image of Women in Canterbury Tales, Burgermeisters Daughter and the Writings of Thomas doubting Thomas What was the predominant image of women and womens post in medieval decree? A rather sexist or misogynistic view--by twentieth century standards of course--was prevalent among learned clerics. The writings of the theologian Thomas Aquinas typify this view. But although the religious of Europes abbeys and universities dominate the written record of the period, Thomistic sexism was not the only view of womens proper role. In his Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays women in a much more than positive way, characterizing them as somewhat empowered. Actual historical events, such as the scandal and subsequent litigation revolving around Anna Buschler which Steven Ozment details in The Burgermeisters Daughter, suggest something of a compromise between these deuce literary extremes. While it is true that life was no utopia for medieval women, neither was life universally horrib le or society thoroughly misogynistic. The Churchs views on women had deep scriptural roots. In his letter to Timothy, the apostle Paul writes Let a woman learn in silence with all submissiveness (1 Tim. 211). This view rests on the story of Eves creation as a helper--not an equal--to man from the rib of Adam in Genesis. It also condemns Eve, and by association all women, for allowing the serpent to trick her into Original Sin. In Summa Theologica, Aquinas extends Pauls argument for female inferiority even farther As regards the individual nature, woman is defective and misbegotten, for the active squelch in the male seed tends to the production of a perfect likeness in the masculine sex while the production of woman comes from defect i... ...quinas did not by themselves represent the views of society at large--although society by no means completely ignored them. Aquinas and Chaucers Wife of Bath represent two extreme views of medieval women, while the real nature of womens c ondition in the period lay somewhere in the middle. Any 20th century ideas of sell female oppression in the middle ages are relativist myths which serve to glamorize the modern period rather than describe historical reality. Endnotes 1 By the eleventh century, roughly two centuries before Aquinas, even parish priests had become generally celibate, suggesting the widespread adoption of this practice among clergy by the 13th century (Western Heritage, 190). 2 Interestingly, the knights crime is rape, a crime against women. His quick punishment for the rape further highlights some security enjoyed by medieval women.

Comparing Canterbury Tales, Burgermeisters Daughter and the Writings o

Image of Women in Canterbury Tales, Burgermeisters Daughter and the Writings of Thomas doubting Thomas What was the predominant image of women and womens crop in medieval smart set? A rather sexist or misogynistic view--by twentieth century standards of course--was prevalent among learned clerics. The writings of the theologian Thomas Aquinas typify this view. But although the religious of Europes abbeys and universities dominate the written record of the period, Thomistic sexism was non the only view of womens proper role. In his Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer portrays women in a much much positive way, characterizing them as somewhat empowered. Actual historical events, such as the scandal and subsequent litigation revolving around Anna Buschler which Steven Ozment details in The Burgermeisters Daughter, suggest something of a compromise between these devil literary extremes. While it is true that life was no utopia for medieval women, neither was life universally horrib le or society thoroughly misogynistic. The Churchs views on women had deep scriptural roots. In his letter to Timothy, the apostle Paul writes Let a woman learn in silence with all submissiveness (1 Tim. 211). This view rests on the story of Eves creation as a helper--not an equal--to man from the rib of Adam in Genesis. It also condemns Eve, and by association all women, for allowing the snake to trick her into Original Sin. In Summa Theologica, Aquinas extends Pauls argument for female inferiority even farther As regards the individual nature, woman is defective and misbegotten, for the active displume in the male seed tends to the production of a perfect likeness in the masculine sex while the production of woman comes from defect i... ...quinas did not by themselves represent the views of society at large--although society by no means completely ignored them. Aquinas and Chaucers Wife of Bath represent two extreme views of medieval women, while the real nature of womens co ndition in the period lay somewhere in the middle. Any 20th century ideas of wholesale female oppression in the middle ages are relativist myths which serve to glamorize the modern period rather than describe historical reality. Endnotes 1 By the eleventh century, roughly two centuries before Aquinas, even parish priests had become generally celibate, suggesting the widespread adoption of this practice among clergy by the 13th century (Western Heritage, 190). 2 Interestingly, the knights crime is rape, a crime against women. His quick punishment for the rape further highlights some security enjoyed by medieval women.

Personal Metaphors Essay

If I were a building, I would be a Skyscraper. The reason is that skyscrapers are tall, knock-down(prenominal), and unique. I am tall, strong and unique. I am not only strong physically, but also emotionally, which means that when im having a bad day, I dont telephone call about it, I suck it up and go on with my day. So, if I were to be a building, I would be one of the amazing skyscrapers. SongSkyscraper, a song by Demi Lovato, is so empowering and it helps young people to stand up to bullies. I love to help people overcome their fears and issues. I also interchangeable to see young people who are strong and empowering. A few lyrics from the song are Go on and try to tear me down, I allow be rising from the ground, like a skyscraper, like a skyscraper So if youre trying to put me down, its going to be a capacious shot for you because I am going to stand tall like a skyscraper. AnimalIf I were an animal, I would be a skyscraper. A lioness is brave, wise, strong and daring. Im n ot scared of anything or anyone but God. I also stand up to people when they are being rude, which makes me brave. Strength doesnt mean your physical abilities. I am not only physical but emotionally strong. I also take risks and I am never afraid to tell you what I feel. Wouldnt I be a great lioness? Cartoon CharacterIf I were a cartoon character, I would be Dora the Explorer. Dora is helpful, honest, intelligent, kind, smart, caring, social, and creative and she loves going on adventures. I love helping people making me helpful. I dont tell lies because one lie leads to other lie. I like making new friends and caring for them. When I go to new places, I put a star on the place I visit on the world map. When I help my family, friends, and even people that I dont know, it makes me happy. I think that I make a great Dora. Day of the weekI would be Sunday if I were a day of the week. Sunday is a day that most people advert forward to. Its a day of relaxation, worshipping, and for ki ds, just having some fun. I like relaxing and just having some time for myself. God is the reason that I am here and I think that I owe him some time to express my appreciation and gratefulness. Im a teenager and I love having fun. Fun is the number one way to go through a persons childhood. I think that Sunday would be the outgo day for me to be.

An Argument Against the Death Penalty Essay

An tendernesswitness to the execution of John Evans in Alabama describes this scene from the final moments of a ending penalisation sentence being carried out The first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evans body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flame erupted from the electrode tied to his leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric pass and his fist clenched permanently. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered his face. An overpowering stench of burnt get rid of and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors examined Mr. Evans and decl bed that he was non dead. It took three jolts of electricity and 14 minutes before John Evans was declared dead (Radelet, veneer the Death Penalty).Throughout history, various forms of executions such as this one have interpreted place as a penalisation for crime. In 1976, the get together States reinstated the ending punishment after ha ving revoked it in 1972 on the grounds that it violated the Constitutions ban on cruel and unusual punishment (MacKinnon, ethical motive 289). Since its reinstatement, the morality of such punishment has been extensively debated. I argue that the cobblers last penalty gagenot be morally justified on the basic grounds that putting to cobblers last a human race being as a form of punishment is wrong.A major argument supporting capital punishment is that it serves as a deterrent to crimes specifically, murder. However, this argument withdraws that the would be killer would take at least a moment to consider what the consequences of murder within our legal system are. This assumes that the killer is capable of such reasoning, and that the crime would be considered before it occurred. In fact, those who commit violent crimes practically do so in moments of passion, rage and fear quantify when irrationality reigns ( randomness, working capital Punishment 107). Whether or not a mu rder or crime is premeditated, there are statistics existing that cause us to perplexity how supportive an argument of deterrence shadow be.In 1989, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, appearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee said that if we look at other Western democracies, non one of those countries has capital punishment for peace duration crimes, and yet every one of them has a murder valuate less than half that of the United States (Information, Capital Punishment 110). The Information Series on capital punishment in addition secerns that states that FBI statistics from 1976-1987 lay out that In the twelve states where executions take place, the murder rate isexactly twice the murder rate of the thirteen states without the death penalty (111). The deterrent value of capital punishment is certainly in question. violent death a human being as a deterrent to crime is, in essence, using a human being as a means rather than an ends. Kantian ethics state that we are to treat pe ople as having constitutional value and not simply instrumental value. People are valuable in themselves regardless of whether they are helpful or loved or valued by others (MacKinnon, Ethics 56). Also, as MacKinnon states, using the concern for life that usually promotes it to make a case for shutting life is inherently contradictory and a violation of the categorical imperative (133). If we hold that killing is wrong (except in self-defence) and therefore a killer take to be punished, to follow with the conclusion that the killers punishment is to be killed is completely contradictory. Some would argue that the execution of a murderer is in the self-defense of society itself.This is a distortion of the definition of self-defense. Self-defense is when your life is in immediate danger and a replyion is necessary in order to proceed your injury or death. I believe that self-defense could also apply to situations where the lives of children or others who could not defend themsel ves were in immediate danger and someone else had to react in order to protect them. The key phrase in each of these definitions is immediate danger and, in the trial of a murderer, there is no singularity or guarantee that the person is going to kill again, and there is no immediate danger or threat that requires reaction. This is not self-defense and does not resign killing. Simply because a faulty verdict requires that the murderer be punished, it does not follow that the punishment should be death on the grounds of self-defense.The determination of guilt within our legal system is also in question. Legally, criminals are to be innocent until proven guilty, but in reality they are a lot guilty until proven innocent. Unfortunately, our legal system is not always just or accurate. Innocent people are convicted. This whoremaster happen imputable to inconclusive evidence, the socioeconomic status of the accused, or jury/judge bias and prejudice, among other factors. A criminal who is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment and then later proven to be innocent can be released. Such is not the case once the irrevocable death penalty has been carried out.The Information Series on capital punishment cites the work of Michael Radelet of the University of Florida who counted since the turn of the century 343 cases in which a defendant facing a possible death penalty was wrongfully convicted. Of these, 137 were sentenced to death, and 25 were actually executed. cardinal served more than 10 years in jail and seven died while in prison (77). If even one innocent person is wrongfully killed, how can we claim that this is justice? Racial and socioeconomic factors also come into play in the trial and conviction of the accused. The Information Series states that since the death penalty was reinstated, sestet White defendants have been executed for murdering a Black person, while 112 Black people have been executed for the murder of a White person (105).Samuel Jordan of forbearance International also points out that in 1998, although African-Americans count for 50 percent of homicide victims in the nation, 82 percent of death row offenders have been convicted for the murder of Whites (Information, Capital Punishment 104). In the 1970s the Baldus Study found that defendants charged with killing White persons received the death penalty in 11 percent of cases, but defendants charged with killing Blacks received the death penalty in only 1 percent of the cases (Information, 46). The Baldus Study also found that prosecutors sought the death penalty more in cases where a Black defendant was charged with killing a White.Samuel Jordan pointed out that poverty as well as race often determines the allocation of the death sentence. Inadequate, inexperienced representation for indigent defendants characterizes most legal litigation (Information, 104). While the un fair(a)ness and inequality of our legal system does not show that the death penalty itself i s wrong, I would argue that because of the judicial disparities shown in the statistics above, we know can never be 100 percent certain of the guilt of an individual. imputable to this measure of uncertainty, it is morally wrong to determine a punishment that is as irreversible as death. We cannot put ourselves into a position of God.Some will enounce that the killers actions are irreversible and that such a crime deserves an equal punishment. These same people would cite the biblical passage that exhorts an center field for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. However, if a crime deserves equal punishment, then why do we not rape the rapist or burn the arsonist? A civilized society must be based on values and principles that are higher than those it condemns. As I stated previously, to punish killing with death is inherently contradictory. Biblically we are called to live by higher values. In the advanced Testament, Jesus said that we may have heard it said an eye for an eye and a to oth for a tooth but he instructed us to turn the other cheek (Matthew 538-41) to love even our enemies (Matthew 543-45), to obey the Ten Commandments which enjoin us not to kill (Exodus 2013) and not to put ourselves into the position of God by judging whether others live or die (John 87). retribution and retribution are to be left to God, who is the only one with the perfect capabilities of judgment. If the argument is that serious crimes deserve equal punishments, it is interesting to note, as MacKinnon states in her text, that the death penalty is also assigned as punishment for treason and rape. Capital Punishment is obviously extreme and unequal to such crimes. There are also certain times when the death penalty is not sought for murder cases (297). The inconsistencies in application seem morally problematic in themselves. Burton Wolfe quotes Albert Camus as adageWhat is capital punishment if not the most premeditated of murders, to which no criminal act, no matter how calcul ated, can be compared? If there were to be real equivalence, the death penalty would have to be pronounced upon a criminal who had forewarned his victim of the very moment he would be put to a horrible death, and who, from that time on, had kept him confined at his own discretion for a period of months. It is not in private life that one meets such monsters. (Pileup 419)Camus goes on to say that the devastating, degrading fear imposed on the condemned man for months or even years is a punishment more terrible than death itself, and one that has not been imposed on his victim (Pileup 419).A Utilitarian might argue in support of the death penalty based on the moral antecede that the goal is to increase the greatest amount of bliss for the greatest amount of people. Often the victims family and others in society will claim that the death penalty is justice and that therefore they are happier when it is applied. I would argue that this happiness is often more of an appeasement a ver y shallow form of happiness that is actually wrapped up in anger and revenge, and not what Utilitarians would classify as true happiness. John Stuart Mill would classify this as a start pleasure or happiness as described in MacKinnons text (37).I would also argue that such happiness would be of short-change duration. The killing of the murderer does not bring back the life of the victim, and the sorrow from that death is not eliminated by adding the death of another. It would also need to be taken into account that the murderer may also have friends and family who would be caused pain and suffering by the death of the person they care for. It also seems morally suicidal to apply The Greatest Happiness Principle to the determination of whether or not another human being lives or dies. Using this type of reasoning a killer could be able to justify his actions if he were able to prove that greater happiness was produced through the killing of one individual than if they would have l ived. The intrinsic value of life itself does not allow for this kind of reasoning for ending it.Killing a human being hinders them from reaching their goal of mature potential. As MacKinnon states when discussing Natural Law Theory, the innate drive toward living is a good in itself (133). Other human beings should not choose the time of another human beings death this is not natural. To argue that the killer has done this does not make it morally justifiable for us to do the same to the killer. Killing an individual robs them of the opportunity to rehabilitate and to live a good life.Whatever the reasons might be that would determine that a person should be sentenced to death, there can be no argument that we are prematurely ending the life of another with no foreknowledge of what their future may have held. We have no means beyond mere hypothesis to determine what the future actions of an individual will be. This is not to argue that certain actions do not morally require punis hment, but simply to argue that the death penalty itself is an inappropriate form of punishment because of the way that it devalues life itself.As members of a civilized society make up of morally responsible individuals, I feel that we are required to consistently value human life. There can be no fair judgment of which lives have more worth than others and we cannot, as a society of moral beings, be saying that it is wrong to take a life and at the same time threaten that if you do, we will take yours. The existence of the threat itself within our legal system contradicts the value we are trying to uphold. Gandhi was a infrangible proponent for peace and nonviolence within society and throughout the world. Eknath Easwaran quotes Gandhi as saying, Violence can never bring an end to violence all it can do is provoke more violence (Gandhi 49). He also said that Nonviolence is the law of our species as violence is the law of the brute. The spirit lies dormant in the brute and he know s no law but that of physical might. The dignity of man requires obedience to a higher law (Gandhi 152). No arguments can outmatch the intrinsic value of other human beings and of life itself. Capital punishment cannot be morally justified.Works CitedEaswaran, Eknath. Gandhi The Man The Story of His Transformation. Tomales Nilgiri Press, 1997. Holy Bible New International Version. Nashville Broadman & Hloman Publishers, 1995. MacKinnon, Barbara. Ethics theory and Contemporary Issues Second Edition. New York Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998. Radelet, Michael. Facing the Death Penalty Essays on a Cruel and unaccustomed Punishment. New York, 1989. The Information Series on Current topics. Capital Punishment. Cruel & Unusual? Wylie Information Plus, 1998. Wolfe, Burton H. Pileup on Death Row. New York Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1973.

Intrinsic value Essay

Moral judgments are decisions, not conclusions Decisions ought to be made positioningally, not prescriptively We should seek the well-being of hatful, earlier than love principles. Only one thing is intrinsically good, namely, love nothing else savor, in this context, means desiring and acting to promote the wellbeing of people Nothing is inherently good or evil, except love (personal concern) and its opposite, indifference or actual malice Nothing is good or bad except as it helps or hurts persons.The highest good is human welfare and happiness (but not, necessarily, pleasure) Whatever is most loving in a situation is right and goodnot merely something to be excused as a lesser evil Moral theology seeks to work out loves strategy, and applied ethics devises loves tactics. Love wills the neighbours good desires the best for our neighbour whether we like them or not The ultimate norm of Christian decisions is love nothing else The radical compact of the Christian ethic to love ev en the enemy implies unmistakably that every neighbour is not a friend and that some are just the opposite.Love and justice are the same, for justice is love distributed Love and justice both require acts of will Love and justice are not properties of actions, they are things that people either do or dont do Love and justice are essentially the same Justice is Christian love exploitation its headcalculating its duties. The Christian love ethic, searching seriously for a social policy, forms a coalition with the utilitarian principle of the superlative good of the greatest number. The rightness depends on many factors.The rightness of an action does not reside in the act itself but in the loving configuration of the factors in the situationin the elements of a human act i.e., its totality of end, means, motive, and foreseeable consequences.

To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter Notes

Macomb Is a slow, jade town with an Incredible assortment of citizens. But, exclusively of them ar typical sm any town psychealities the gossips, the hicks, the poor, the upper- class, the bogeyman, etc. manoeuvre Is a lawyer, a satisf cultivateory laminitis and supportive of his family. hoarded wealth Is the typical older buddy and pathfinder the typical younger sister. They atomic number 18 best friends. Yet fight/argue plenty. 2. dill weed is small for his age, with white-blond hair and has look awayn a lot of movies.He visits Macomb (his aunty Rachel) e precise(prenominal) summer room now on. He is quite obsessed with the raddled digest. 3. Arthur hung out with a tough crowd and got arrested for disorderly conduct, etc. His father confident(p) the Judge to let him keep Arthur locked in the house instead of a state indus examination schooldays. He was never seen again for 15 years. The children now see him as a type of bogeyman. (pig. 13) 4. The Raddled house is a forbidden place its full of danger and un liven, which is requirely the sort of thing kids are attracted to. 5. The register Is kick onward person, observation post Finch, but she is much older than the character she Is describing.Therefore, the present Is when vigil Is older, and the plot of the novel Is the past. It Is a memoir. Chapter 2 1. Scout Is looking at forward to school because It had been a long winter of slating In her trousers and watching the kids in the school yard. School looked fun to her. l longed to join them. (pig. 20) 2. endocarp didnt want anything to do with Scout at school because he didnt want her to embarrass him with references to his personal life (pig. 20). This is typical for an older sibling because it is considered cool to lessen out with your siblings at school. . cast Caroline is nifty at her job as a teacher but she as a lot to interpret approximately the small town, the school and the mountain of the town. Strengths She cares virtually her students (ex. Walter) and she is good at what she does with lots of knowledge active teaching. Weaknesses She doesnt render her students and the protocol of the town yet and she Is scurrilous (ex. Whipping with a ruler). Chapter 3 1. calcium Is the cook for the Finch family and Is non related by blood but she cares a lot close to muffin, Scout and simulated military operation. She is depicted as a motherly figure.She also acts as a care taker for Gem and Scout, once again taking upon a motherly role. . We stop that Walter Cunningham is commit to his traditions but for foils to follow them at clock. His sort during lunch time suggests that his home life is a struggle, as in that location is non always food on the table. Therefore, when Gem Invites him for lunch, he piles food on his table (he top executive obtain been hungry for a couple days. It is the Depression and non e precise whizz is lucky decorous to eat every day and Walter is one of those po t). 3. play treated Walter with respect as In the book it stated Walter and Tactics talked together give care dickens men.This shows respect, compared to Scout, who penny criticized Walter close his take habits, unaware of his herculean situations. 4. From Walters visit, Scout learns about hospitality and how to treat a guest. It was not fair to Judge people. She learned this because California scolded her for cringingly Walters behavior, punishing her by making her finish her lunch in the kitchen. 5. By perspective and what they are way out through with(predicate) unless you look through their eyes, cipher care the person and are put into their position and situation. This is not an easy thing for Scout to learn she is still young. 6.We learn that the Ells are very poor, eave poor hygiene, plainly go to school the number 1 day of the year and pass on no mother. Their father breaks the law hunting out of season but the people offer it because they recall I transgr ess than arresting him and letting his kids go hungry. Chapter 4 1 . Scout doesnt homogeneous the Dewey Decimal System. She gets the impression that shes missinfulnessg out on aroundthing she doesnt know. Also, she doesnt believe that 12 years of unrelieved boredom was exactly what Macomb has in her mind for her. 2. The children believe that Raddled house is haunted and a ghost lives there (Boo).They think the nuts on the trees in front of the Raddled house entrust kill you. . The children make Boobs story into a game because they are tired of their old games and theyre interested/curious about Boo, his life story and the other Raddled a bit too. 4. In the Boo Raddled game, they each present a role of a family member in the Raddled house. They reenact scenes they do up or believed happened before. This is not an accurate version of what happens in the Raddled house because theyve never really seen the truth. 5. The laughter from inside the Raddled house could be Boo or Nathan l aughing at how ridiculous the kids are cosmos about this situation.Chapter 5 1. Miss Maude despises the outdoors but has a nice big garden with plants she loves. Her speech is crisp, which is uncommon for a woman in Macomb. The children love her because she lets them play in her big dressingyard whenever they wish. 2. Miss Maude tells Scout that Boo is still alive scorn the rumors Scout has seed about him creation dead. However, Miss Maude says that if he were dead, they would have seen them take him out. 3. Dill may have told these lies because it seems that his parents arent there for him.He never gets the opportunity to feel special and telling tales about seeing an elephant or going on an airplane would make him eel special. 4. Tactics wants the children not to play the Boo Raddled game because what Mr Raddled did was his own business and he has the reclaim to stay inside. He says the kids would not like it if someone was invading into their privacy and they were no longer to go to that house again unless they were invited. Tactics is right as it is disrespectful to be bothering someone like that and the kids dont know how dangerous Boo might be. Chapter 6 1 .Scout disapproves of Dill and Gems plan because she is scared of the Raddled house because of the rumors she has heard. Moreover, Tactics asked the kids to leave the Raddled alone and she obeys her father. 2. Mr Nathan Raddled was not aware who the intruder in his garden was. Ms. Stephanie believes it was a portentous man because nobody else would be out at a time like this (very late night). 3. Dill al most(prenominal) lands in trouble because Miss Rachel overheard him dictum he was playing uncase poker and won Gems pants. Strip poker was not something played by the common educated man and was not morale. Chapter 7 1 .Gem told Scout that when he went back to get his pants back off the fence from the Raddled house, they were roughly stitched up, folded up and waiting for him on the once. 2. G em is jump to understand Boo more now because he thinks it is Boo that fixed his pants. This is making him exculpate that Boo is really not a unhealthful person 3. Gem Raddled house and now wants to keep everything they find. Some things they found were chewing gum, pencils and a pocket watch. 4. Gem and Scout wanted to write a earn thanking whoever was leaving them the presents in the knothole (we are assuming it is Boo).However, they were prevented from doing this because it was filled with cement. Nathan Raddled filled it with cement because he wanted this communication to stop. He was taking away Boobs only if communication with the kids He also didnt want them to leave the letter and when the kids asked why he filled it, Mr Nathan rawe the excuse that the tree was sick. Chapter 8 1 . Scout wants to know if Tactics saw Boo Raddled, as she is curious to know more about him. Tactics sternly replies with a short coiffure, merely saying he didnt see him. 2. The near libel Gem puts in the front yard is a snow made replica of Mr Avery.Tactics was very surprised Gem got the Job done and give tongue to he had done an amazing job and it looked still like Mr Avery. He was very impressed until now told Gem that he ad to disguise it, as it may be disrespectful to Mr Avery. Miss Maude is impressed as well, since she is grinning but is in force(p) fussing about it negatively (according to Tactics pig. 90). 3. Tactics saved Miss Muddies rocking chair because it was the thing that she valued most (Pig. 93) 4. Scout has no idea how the blanket got there, but Gem realizes it must have been Boo Raddled that put it there since the kids were standing in front of the Raddled house. . I think Tactics means that Gem should not get his hopes up. Just because Boo came out and they didnt notice, doesnt mean they will real get the chance to meet him. They should stop interfering in Boobs personal life as it was none of their business. Gem may do as his father says now be cause he has realized that Boo is not the monster that they thought he is actually a sympathetic, kind man who has Just gone through some tough times. This helps Gems curiosity fade away and shows him more about Boobs personality, making him realize hes Just like any other human being.Chapter 9 1 . Tactics believes that Tom Robinson is not guilt feelingsy and therefore he is doing the right thing by defending him. He wants to take upon this case on to the best of his ability. However, it is not usual for a white man to defend a shady because roughly everyone in Macomb was racist. 2. Gem and Scout love Christmas time but they would rather spend it at home with their dad than with their Uncle Jimmy and aunty Alexandra. Also, Scout does not like her cousin, Francis, because they dont have similar interests and she is calling Tactics a Niger lover, which is seen as a bad thing.He is taunting Scout about her father. 3. When Uncle cuckoo tells Scout she is growing out of her pants, he means she is acting too mature for her age and is not old enough to understand he difficult concepts of life, therefore should not act like she does, especially the ones affecting Attics life. He is telling Scout that she is getting more aware of world concepts that she may be too young for. Also, she is too young for swearing and the like. 4. We learn that the unpleasant feature of Aunt Alexandra is her negative attitude towards Dill.We learn that she looks down upon Dill and refers to him as a stray dog because of his family problems. She has also been saying some unpleasant things about Tactics in regards to the court case. Aunt Alexandra seems to be a very critical and Judgmental person. . From overhearing Uncle Jack and Attics conversation, Scout heard Uncle Jack telling Tactics he doesnt want to have kids of some hard times advance her way for the next year because of the issues involving the court. The town is loss and therefore Scout may have to hear some unpleasant thi ngs going around about her father taking upon the case.This also implies that Tactics knows that people are condemning him for taking the case. 6. The final sentence of this chapter is important because it tells us that Tactics wanted the kids to hear what he was saying (ask him what happened rather than believing moors). Chapter 10 1 . When Scout says that Tactics was feeble, I believe this is her opinion as the events are hap in her childhood, but by the end of the chapter she doesnt believe this anymore because she learns about her fathers amazing aim and that he has a mysterious past. . Tactics says its a sin to kill a mockingbird but Miss Maude is the one who explains why it is a sin because the birds do not cause any harm to anyone and Just make music. 3. Heck Tate didnt want to be the one to dissipate the dog (Tim Johnson) because he doesnt have a good aim and he knows he would have looting hit the Raddled house instead, which could cause a big problem. 4. Tactics cuts off Tate as he is speaking to Gem because he was about to distinguish something about Attics past that he does not want his kids to know. 5.Gem believes they shouldnt tell anyone at school about Attics shooting abilities but Scout thinks they should (she wants to brag about her father to everyone at school). I jeer with Gem because there was probably a reason Tactics didnt tell them about how well he whoremonger shoot and did not want it to be something public. Gem seems to respect and understand his dads point of view. Chapter 11 . Tactics tells Gem to hold your head high and be a gentleman when Mrs Dubos is taunting him about his father. He tells Gem to let anything she says or does to make him mad because shes old and sick.He says to Just be respectful towards her. 2. Mrs Dubos tells Gem and Scout that their mother was a lovely woman and there was no woman lovelier than her. She wished their father had remarried though when she said this, Gem was furious and it made him mad. 3. Mrs Dubos asked Gem to take to her every afternoon after school and on Saturdays, for two hours, for a month as a penalty for his crime. It was a fair punishment but it wasnt fair that he had to do it for so long. 4. Tactics thinks insults like Niger lover dont mean anything to him.He Just thinks people happen to say them in their nonchalant language when the want to label someone. I do not agree with him because that are saying it on purpose and it is disrespectful and rude. 5. Tactics though Mrs Dubos was a great madam because she was full of courage and bravery. She was a morphine addict but decided to become clean before she died and she fulfilled this promise to herself. He said she died free. 6. When Tactics says Mrs Dubos is a model of real courage rather than a man with a gun in his hand, I think he is right. He means that it takes real courage to die sober.He explains to Gem and Scout that a man with a gun isnt real courage, its Just physical bravery. occurrenceual cou rage is doing whats right, no social function the circumstances, which is what Mrs Dubos did. 7. I think Harper Lee chooses to end the first severalise of the book after chapter eleven because it is a round point in Scouts childhood. Scout has left Boo Raddled behind, which was a major theme in part 1. Part 2 seems like it will start a new theme, or a new part in Scouts Essen, so it seems like he perfect way to end the first part. Chapter 12 1 . Scout and Gems visit to the First Purchase Church (Scaloppinis church) went well.They were welcomed by everybody except Lull, who is explained as a trouble maker. They both dont understand some of the things that this church does like not having a book of hymns to sing from, but all this later get explained to them from California. 2. Scout learns many new things about sable people that she was unaware of and these were quite surprising to her. She learned that blacks are as educated as they are. She learns this when she asks California why they dont have hymn books and California explains that it is because most of the black people dont know how to read. 3.Gazebo is Scaloppinis eldest son and Scout learns that when Gazebo was younger, there wasnt a school for him to attend since he was black. Since there was no school for him, California taught him by making him read a page of the Bible everyday as well as reading the Blackstone Commentaries (a book gifted to her by Gem and Scouts grandfather). 4. California speaks differently at the Finch house compared to her friends at church because she says it is not right for a black woman o talk like a white person. She wants to be lady like and not show off to people because it aggravates them.Chapter 13 1 . Aunt Alexandra moves in with the Finch family for a composition because she thinks it is good for Scout to have a feminine influence and thinks she should be there for her as she will be interested in boys and clothes soon. 2. The first couple things Aunt Alexandra sa ys when she comes to the Finch household are typical of her Put my bag in the room California. Jean Louise, stop scratching your head. She is racist, bossy and strict about acting proper. It is evident she is racist because she remarks bout Tactics defending a black man, saying it will ruin the familys reputation.Moreover, Francis learned taunts like Niger lover from Aunt Alexandra. She is also bossy because she is always scolding Scout and telling her she must act more lady- like and demands that Tactics needs to stop letting the kids bar about. 3. Aunt Alexandra thinks Scout is dull because she does not share much with Aunt Alexandra as she does not feel they are close enough and they do not share the same ideas. 4. The people on Gem and Scouts street gave Aunt Alexandra a very warm welcome. She got along well with the neighbors. Miss Maude baked a Lane cake, Miss Stephanie came over, Miss Rachel invited her for coffee and even MrNathan Raddled came to greet her Aunt Alexandra became secretary of the Macomb Amanuensis Club. She also had the Macomb ladies over for tea. 5. Aunt Alexandra thinks the Finches are made of many generations of gentle breeding (said by Tactics) they are an old family of originals of Macomb. Aunt Alexandra thinks the kids need to act more like ladies and gentlemen to show how worthy one of Macombs oldest families are and to carry the honor of being a Finch. This shows that Aunt Alexandra thinks of the Finches are better than most families in Macomb.Tactics however told the kids not to worry about this and he does not want them to think about how they are supposed to act (they are Just children). I agree with Tactics because it should not be necessary to act or live a certain way Just based on which family you come from. Chapter 14 1 . Attics explanation of rape was very inappropriate for Scout because it was beyond her understanding. He said the rape was carnal knowledge of a female by force and up when I asked her what it was? T his shows that Scout does not understand what her father is saying. 2.Aunt Alexandra wants to dismiss California because she thinks that she can replace California now that she has moved in with them. She thinks California hasnt make Scout into a lady and that now she can take upon the motherly role in the house as well as take upon the Job of cooking for the family. Tactics does not agree with anything she says. He says l dont think the children have suffered one bit from her having brought them up. He says that without California, they wouldnt be able to get through many situations, as she is part of the family. Moreover, he does not wasnt Alexandra working hard (cooking). Scout doesnt like that Gem has been acting more mature lately and involving himself in adult situations. Him fighting her back showed that he is still childish, which cheers Scout up a bit. When he tells Tactics about Dill however, she is very disappointed. She feels as if he had broken their childhood mandate . Also, she thinks that Tactics may get mad at Dill and make him go back home. 4. From Dills account of his running away, we learn that he prefers to run off to Macomb where he doesnt have anyone except Gem and Scout, rather than being with parents that dont pay attention to him.We also learn that he lies about most of the things that he says. This may be because it makes him feel special to get that attention. Chapter 15 1 . The nightmare that descends upon the children is the intense racism that threatens to harm not only their father, but even them the cosmos of what their fathers involved in is now apparent. 2. The UK Klux Klan was an organization of men developed on promoting and enforcing racist and intolerant ideals. Although the group has evolved over time, they are most notably set by the wearing of sheets and robes to hide their identities (gangsters).I feel Attics description of the ASK really downplays the dangerous nature of the ASK, which he probably deliberately do es so as not to alarm Gem. 3. Gem refuses to go home when Tactics tells him to because he realizes that his father is outnumbered and facing physical harm. This reinforces the courage of Gem. 4. Scouts innocent attempt at striking up polite conversation with Walter Cunningham father seems to remind the men of who they are individually, and not as a mob and perhaps makes them ashamed of what theyre doing to Tactics and his children.This persuades the lynching companionship to give up their attempt on Toms life. . This chapter really highlights how the innocence of youth is able to affect this corrupt gang it reminds us that this is a story about a youngster whose innocence will be challenged with growing up. Scout is learning what we all learn people arent always as they seem, bad things can happen in good slender towns and people dont always share the same beliefs, nor are they tolerant of others beliefs. Chapter 16 1 . Scout notices that Tactics is starting to become annoyed and impatient with Aunt Alexandra. L was beginning to notice a subtle change in my father these days, which came out when he talked with Aunt Alexandra. It was a quiet digging in, never outright irritation. 2. Mr Dollops Raymond is a wealthy white man who lives with his black wife and they have mulatto kids. He also sits with and enjoys being around blacks instead of whites. He isnt racist and doesnt think of the blacks as lower class people. He is also a drunkard. 3. Reverend Sykes takes the children to the balcony a kind move of the reverend because he doesnt know the kids were instructed not to come.If he knew they shouldnt have been there, then he should not have helped them to get in the courthouse and watch the tally. 4. Judge Taylor is and intimate edge and often puts his feet up and naps during trials. He likes to clean his fingernails with a pocketknife. He is intelligent and knows a lot about the law even though it seems like he takes his Job casually. He keeps a firm gra sp that comes before him. He also has an interesting habit of permitting smoking in his courtroom. The trial hasnt officially started but I think he will take this trial seriously. Chapter 17 1 .Heck Tastes evidence Heck informs everyone that no one had called for a get, loading dock Lowell was the one who called him and he say Amylases wounds (around her neck, on her arms and her right eye is black). With Hacks statements, Tactics shows that there was no physical evidence of a rape since a doctor was not called. 2. In this chapter, we learn a lot about the Lowell family and their home life. They are on welfare, there are a lot of kids but no longer have a mother and they live in extreme poverty behind the dump and close to the blacks. Also there is someone position flowers there (we can infer it is male person). . From bobtail Elses evidence, we learn that he heard his daughter screaming and saw Tom inside the house from the window. wharf said Tom was gone by the time he go t on and then he hurried to go get Heck Tate. 4. Tactics wants Bob to write out his name to see if he is left handed or not. Since Male has a black eye on the right eye, it is most likely the person who hurt her was left handed and the Jury saw that Bob was left handed. This portrays Bob as the villain and we can infer that it might have been Bob that hurt Male. Chapter 18 1 . Male is different from her father.She cares more about her appearance as she tries to stay clean, as opposed to her father who looked like he bathed yearly. Also, she is more sensitive (she cries in the courtroom), whereas Bob Lowell seems to take everything as a Joke. . Male may have been crying in the courtroom to make people feel sorry for her when she was reminiscing about what happened to her. It added a dramatic effect to her story and made the Jury feel sorry for her. She played the role of poor little white girl. 3. Male does not react well to Attics attempts at being polite.She thinks that Tactics is mocking her when he calls her Maam and Miss Male. This shows that she is not employ to people treating her kindly or being polite towards her as she thinks it is a Joke when someone does. This could show that her home life isnt that great. 4. Mr Gilder does not prove Toms guilt that well. He Just asks Male her side of the story and thats it. In the eyes of the Jury however, he may be more convincing. This is because the whole town is racist and prejudice against Tom already. Therefore they would be more likely to support Male (innocent little white girl) opposed to a black man.Chapter 19 1 . Tom visited the Lowell house because Male wanted Tom to bust up a chiffonier for her. 2. Scout thinks that Male is the loneliest person in the world because in the trial it is revealed to us that Male does not have any friends. 3. Male does not have a very good relationship with her father. At the trial we find out that he is a drunkard and we can infer he may even be abusive. 4. Dill started c rying during this part of the trial because he knew that Tom wasnt being treated fairly and that Mr Not mature enough to understand the meaning of things such as racism.Chapter 20 1. Mr Dollops Raymond is not an sinfulness man. He acts like he is always drunk to protect himself from people knowing that he likes black people. He understands how they feel when being discriminated and believes that they are the exact same as everyone else. . Mr Raymond hides Coca-Cola in a paper bag so people think that it is alcohol. He wants an excuse for acting the way he does and for longing black people. Mr Raymond wants people to Judge his actions (which he believes are right) not by his personality, but to blame it on his drinking problem. . Tactics thinks Male is in the wrong because she tried to cheat a black man and make up a story to get him punished (even though this is common). Tactics says that Male knew she lied and put evidence of her offense away from her. She knew full well the en ormity of her offense. (pig. 272) 4. Tactics feels that all people should be treated equally, no matter their age, race or gender. In the trial, he is trying to express this by telling the Jury that what Male did was wrong because she was trying to get a black man in trouble.He says muff should have never come to the trial. This case is as simple as black and white. Mr Raymond also talks about Tactics as being a good person and sharing the same views as him. Chapter 21 1 . Gem expects the verdict to be Tom Robinson state innocent. Tactics does not share Gems confidence because he realizes how difficult it can be to change mesons mind when they have their mind set on something and grudging to change their view, especially when a black man is involved. 2. One would expect the jury to be fairly quick to reach a verdict about this case.Most would believe any trial involving a black man would be over quickly, since they believe that the black person will always be guilty. The fact th at it took the Jury so long to make a decision indicated that at least a few of them believed that Tom Robinson was innocent. I believe the verdict wasnt predictable. Although biography indicates that Tom Robinson will be found guilty, you still want to believe otherwise. . While waiting to hear the verdict, Scout think back to the incident regarding the mad dog, which reminds us of one of the novels central themes, which is courage.She remembers this event because in both that incident, as well as the trial, she witnessed true acts of courage, both performed by her father. Tactics had the courage to do what was right and put down Tim Johnson for the best of the people of Macomb. Then, during the trial, Tactics did everything within his power to defend a black person, even though it put almost every person in Macomb against him, it was the right thing to do. Chapter 22 1 Aunt Alexandra thinks the children shouldnt have been allowed to go to the trial, but Tactics Justifies them by saying, This is their home, sister Hey might as well learn to cope with it. (pig. 285) Although Tactics did not want the kids in court, he believes that the children must be exposed to the harsh realities of Macomb and they have to learn to cope with this. 2 Miss Maude tells Gem that things are never as bad as they seem because it is important to look beyond all of the bad results and see the good side of people and situations. She tells him that good people helped in his trial Tactics, Judge Taylor and Macombs black community all stood behind Tom, supporting him through everything.See the glass half full. 3 Dill says that he wants to be a clown when he grows up because he wants to laugh at people all the them. However, Dill replies saying, Well Im goanna be a new kind of clown. Im goanna stand in the middle of the ring and laugh at the folks. (pig. 290) I dont think Dill will keep this ambition for long because he seems to change his mind a lot and tell stories all the time. 4 A ttitudes towards racism have changed for the better since the asss and asss. Although, racism is still an issue in some modern societies, the severity is much less. Bob Lowell is angry with Tactics because he made him look bad in front of the entire town, ruining his reputation. I think this threat might be a real one but I dont think he will kill Tactics, instead get him back in another way. Chapter 23 1 . When Tactics paid no heed to Bob Elses threat, it was the right reaction. Bob was just trying to aggravate Tactics and get under his skin but instead Tactics reacted the opposite of what Bob wanted, staying calm. 2. comminuted evidence is evidence hat is based only if another circumstance is correct. This usually isnt enough or valid proof.This has to do with Toms conviction because it was based on Heck Tastes circumstantial proof (which was only based on Male and Bobs word). 3. Tactics tells Scout it took the Jury so long to convict Tom because not everyone in the Jury was agai nst Tom and people were really starting to think for themselves, looking at the facts, rather than Just the color of his skin. 4. Social classes are not good for society as they create discrimination. Everyone should be treated equally and it is not air to say one family is better than another. You should not Just mix with the people in the same class as you, but instead treat everyone equally. . Gem thinks the reason Boo Raddled hasnt left his house in so long is because he does not want to. He does not want to be a part of a society that is prejudice and Judgmental. I agree with Gem because Boo comes out when he wants to (ex. Putting the blanket on Scout during the fire) however, he Just wants to do nice things for people, no matter who they are and that is why he expects others to be the same and treat everyone fairly and equally. Chapter 24 1 . I dont think that the missionary ladies were sincere when talking about the Mourns because they Just needed something to talk about that was related to religion. . When Scout said that her britches were under her dress, the other ladies all laughed at Scout but Miss Muddies reaction was very serious and she did not laugh. Scout said it was because Miss Maude never laughed at her unless she meant to be funny. 3. The Macomb ladies as depicted in this chapter are very devoted to God, however the majority of them are very prejudice and discriminatory. They have tropically female roles (wearing dresses and gossiping) and are Just like most of the other people in Macomb (hating blacks and going to church. 4. Tom was killed while he was trying to escape from the prison.He charged at the fence and tried to climb it during their exercise period. He was shot 17 times Attics explanation is that Tom was probably tired of white men taking chances for him, so he decided to take one of his own. I agree with Tactics because during this whole trial, Toms life was in the hands of white men and he saw an opportunity to finally take it into his own hands and so he took the chance. . In this chapter, we see Aunt Alexandra in a new light because we see her more sensitive side by showing that she only wants brother, and I Just want to know when this will ever end. (pig. 236).Miss Maude supports Alexandra when the missionary circle is insulting Tactics and she sticks up for him by reminding the women that they are in Attics house eating his food so they need to be respectful. Chapter 25 1 . When Macomb hears about toms death, Macomb gossips for about two days and they act as if Justice has been served. This shows how willing Macomb is to exclusively excuse the death of a black man. 2. Toms death was considered typical because he ran away and was shot. The death of black people in that time period happened regularly. good deal responded with Niger always comes out in me. 3. Scout sees that the court Our) in Macomb was giving in Just because of the fact that Tom was black. They said he we guilty despite all the evid ence that proved otherwise. The town was not ready to change their view on black people, but in their hearts, they knew the truth. 4. Gem wanted to protect his family and he was doing what Tactics would have done in the situation acting like Bobs comment had never been made in the first place. I think this was a very wise thing to do because Tactics really didnt need to know Bob Elses comment (he was trying to provoke them). Chapter 26 1 .When Miss Gates says American people dont believe in persecuting anyone, it seems off because it is not true. People are persecuted in America based on prejudice verdicts in this book as well as persecuted in general in the States. This statement is off because she is lying by saying that there is no persecution. 2. Scout is puzzled by Miss Gates disapproval of Hitler because she doesnt understand why Miss Gates shuns him and why she is talking about all these awful things he did. She is also confused because she doesnt know why everyone seems to hate Hitler and she is upset that Miss Gates is talking badly about him and his past doings.Tactics taught them that it is not right to hate anybody. 3. Scouts question How can you hate Hitler an then turn around and be ugly to folks right at home? upsets Gem because when she asks him this, it may have reminded him of how Tom Robinson was treated due to his race. People did not believe his story and therefore he was found guilty in court, persecuting him because of his race. There isnt really an answer to this question because it is all based on the type of person you are as well as your beliefs. Chapter 27 1 .Aunt Alexandra is alarmed by Bobs behavior after the trial. Firstly, he exist Helen Robinson (Toms wife) by following her, throwing things at her and calling her names. He also tried to break into Judge Tailors house and lastly, he threatened Tactics that he would get even with him. 2. Tactics thinks Bob is holding a grudge against people who were involved in the trial and sees them as his enemies. This is because Bob felt as if though these people ruined his reputation and made him look ad in front of most of Macomb. . The Halloween pageant took place in an attempt to keep the children off the street on Halloween night. Chapter 28 1. This chapter reminds me of earlier events in the novel like when Bob Lowell threatened Tactics after the trial. We know Bob isnt a good man because of what his daughter reveals during the trial (a drunk, abusive, etc. ). This chapter begins with descriptions of the Raddled house, which reminds us of the Boo Raddled game and the events involving Boo, to bring back our feelings about him before other events occur.

Arts in Education

Monica Williams July 31, 2011 EDU330-Cultural Diversity in the Classroom Professor Alison Walker The Importance of Arts in study With all of the modern advancement of technology, sadly some of the components of a common school curriculum atomic number 18 progressively sightly extinct. Just think back, not to long ago, the library was a place where children could explore new adventures from a simple book. Students were also able to express themselves through the weekly classes in medicament and cheat. Funding has become a real concern with the slow decrease in the Ameri back tooth economy.Now musical accompaniment for the art statement program is becoming a victim to this decline. Since at that place has been a lack of liberal arts in the school system, it has in turn affected the need to incorporate diversified breeding model to teach in a multicultural society. This essay will explain the need to incorporate the arts back into education to enhance the companionship of livi ng in a multicultural society. There are so many things that children can learn through cultural enrichment. Activities through language, music, art, and dance can enhance a childs exposure to different ethnicities other than their own.Since the establishment of No Child Left Behind, Congressional endorsements have restated the value of art and music in education as an important and vital element in quality education for all students (U. S. 2005). However, those were just unmingled words. Since NCLB, arts educational instructional time has decreased by 16% (Heilig, Cole, & Aguilar, 2010). Well that increase effects the lower performing schools which are usually populated with low-income students and students of color (Heilig, Cole, & Aguilar, 2010).The mere benefit of these various programs are being overlooked because the teaching of art education has also contributed to an increase of self-esteem, the acquisition of job skills, and the development of creative thinking, trouble s olving and communication skills (NGA, 2002). All students crave a time to be creative and express themselves. Being in a classroom that is strictly cognition and skills based can sometimes become quite mundane and boring. When there is music or art incorporated in the curriculum, this can become a great outlet for them.In recent years there has been a huge emphasis on standardized tests. Administrators, teachers, and students are becoming pressured on do that grade. Education of the arts has be to armed service reduce and manage their stress level (Creedon, 2011). There has also been cognitive research that showed when there is a all-around(prenominal) structured of music and art education program it enhances the emotional well-being of children for a readiness of learning (Creedon, 2011). Here is the problem, just recently this calendar month, the Interior Appropriations chronicle wants so cut NEA, depicted object Education of Arts, to 135 million (Advocate, 2011).The U. S. Ho use of Appropriations Committee just approved to cut 20 million earlier this month (Advocate, 2011). Where does this leave the students of America? It seems that no one is thinking about their education and fundamental it is to have the arts involved in the curriculum. In the state of Texas, there will only be a budget of 3. 7 million dollars for the next two years for the arts, which ultimately gives a fifty percent simplification in grants and thirty percent reduction in staff (TCA, 2011). This reduction of funding affects everyone.Teachers will be loosing their jobs and more importantly the students are not receiving a well-rounded education. In order to not let this problem occur any further, as American citizens, it is imperative that letters are written to the congressman, senators, and governors. They are the only one that could change things with the state funding. Sticking together as a community can bring it to their attention that arts in education does matter. The days of protesting is not ancient, it can still make an impact on things.The goal is to inform Congress that there should be at least a funding level of 53 million for the Arts in Education program within the U. S. Department of Education (Advocate, 2011). Those wonderful programs are able to help teachers, all students, and the community with art collaboration in education. Another solution is for the local districts to write grants to nourishment the arts in their school. The Bill Graham hind end is a well-known foundation that provides grants for the areas of music in the arts of education (Arts, 2011). This grant can give $4000 for any program promoting arts in education.This whitethorn not seem like a lot, but just think, that is only one out of a thousands programs out there that will provide funding for education of the arts. Grants like these can also give students the opportunity to explore multicultural educational field trips that were not available before. Several studies h ave proven that art education is a vital component to have a well-rounded student. Writing grants, letters, and even protesting can all help ensure that the arts will increase in the schools instead of decrease. The students should learn about other cultures and one of the best ways is through the arts.So lets keep the art teachers, the music teachers, and the librarians, they are important too for our students too Resources Advocate for the Arts (2011). Retrieved July 30, 2011 from http//www. artsusa. org/get_involved/advocate. asp (ARTS) Bill Graham Foundation. (2010). Children & Youth Funding Report, 13. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Creedon, D. W. (2011). Fight the strive of Urban Education with the ARTS. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(6), 34-36. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Heilig, J. , Cole, H. , & Aguilar, A. (2010). From Dewey to No Child Left behind The Evolution and Devolution of Public Arts Education.Arts Education Policy Review, 111(4), 136-145. doi10. 1080/10632913. 2010. 490776 inter nal Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA). (2002) The Impact of Arts Education on Workforce Preparation Economic and Technology Policy Studies Issue Brief. Washington D. C. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, May 1, 2002. Texas Commission for the Arts (TCA). (2011) Retrieved July 29, 2011 from http//www. arts. state. tx. us/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=235&Itemid=55 U. S. Congress Passes Resolution Supporting symphony Education. (2005). American Music Teacher, 54(6), 10. Retrieved from EBSCOhost

How to Write an Effective Thesis for a Comparative Essay

No matter what your major, theres usually no escape from English literature and composition classes and a compare-contrast essay assignment. Many students bewitch nervous when their professors ask them to write an essay about the similarities and differences between two or more texts or ideas, especially when musical composition the thesis for the essay however, penning a thesis for a compare-contrast essay is not as difficult as you may think.InstructionsRead the assignment sheet carefully before you begin so you erect follow the professors instructions exactly. Each professor usually has his own idiosyncrasies, so underline everything the professor expects you to include in the thesis. While writing the thesis, look up back to the underlined notes. 2Make a list of similarities and differences between the texts, ideas or events.Sponsored Links Simple Project TemplateYes. Its easy. Nothing to install. Try it Free www.smartsheet.comNarrow down similarities and differences to spec ific ideas to avoid writing a compare-contrast thesis that is too broad. For example the compare-contrast thesis, The media depict people in different roles compared to the realities of the general population, is too general.Begin your statement with words like whereas, while, even though, and although to mention a contrasting element will follow. For example Although the media depict most women as housewives and stay-at-home mothers, in reality many women work full judgment of conviction and put their children in daycare.Make sure the thesis for a compare and contrast essay compares and contrasts two or more ideas. One of the most common prefatorial ways to write a thesis statement for a compare contrast essay is as follows While Jane Austins novel Pride and Prejudice underscores themes of pride, outrage and women and marriage, and Mary Shellys story Frankenstein reveals themes of madness, the sublime, and justice, it is apparent by juxtaposing these two novels that most women during the early 19th century felt trapped in a patriarchal lodge that restricted the roles of women, especially in marriage. 6Familiarize yourself with literary devices other than theme for compare and contrast essays. Rhetorical devices such as allegory, characterization, climax, symbolism, foreshadowing, figurative language, simile, imagery, irony, metaphor, motifs, personification, tone and other devices can add interest to a thesis statement for a compare-contrast essay.Read more http//www.ehow.com/how_5012335_write-statement-compare-contrast-essay.htmlixzz2rPnmEClT

Skills Management and Conceptual Skills

Introduction Research by Robert L. Katz found that draw offrs train three basic and important skills technical, human and generalization. What is more, these three skills argon relatively inwrought to managers who ar at different levels that include first-line, middle, top precaution positions. There will be a discussion about the importance of conceptual skills that be needed by all in all managers at all levels, e special(a)ly by top level of managers. The purpose of this essay is to identify and discuss the importance of conceptual skills that top managers ar required to demonstrate.The essay will state why conceptual skills are not so important as much as lower managers through some supporting evidences,why conceptual skills become more important in top attention positions than in other positions, and how top managers set use of conceptual skills in reality. At the end of essay, a conclusion the major findings will be provided. 1 Conceptual skills mean the ability to think and to think about bunco and complex situations (Katz, R. L, 1974). It is different from technical skills and human skills.Technical skills tend to be more essential for lower-level managers because they should get the job specific knowledge and techniques to manage the work of non-managerial people (Katz, R. L, 1974). For example, accounts payable managers should know accounting rules and standardized forms very well so that they can solve problems which relevant to accounting fields. Whereas, human skills are important for managers at all levels, because every manager should have ability to work well with other people individually and in a group, all of managers deal directly with people.They should build cooperative spirit and motivate other workers. For example, first-line managers of food servicing company should communicate with producers to know how everything is going and where they should improve, so utile talking is very prerequisite to the whole company for an y level of managers (Robbins, S. P, 2011). Even though conceptual skills are not so important as much as lower managers, it does not mean lower managers do not use conceptual skills. In some situations, some of their works are related to conceptual abilities.It is little for mid-level managers, and it is not very required for first-level managers. While these lower-level managers should also make decisions to solve problems in some complex problems in their managerial fields. Whereas Katz thought that lower-level managers normally spend relative more time dealing with observable objects and processes, but upper-level managers often deal with abstract and complex ideas. So top managers responsibility matches conceptual skills, because top managers should make organization-wide decisions and establish the goals and plans that affect the entire organization (Robbins, S.P, 2011). That is why top managers are supposed not to exclusively pay attention to small things, they should be lea ders and have conceptual skills to lead the whole company to get more profits and access to success. whirl to lower-level managers, first-line managers are the lowest level of management, they coordinate the work of people who are non-managerial employees, such as producers. While middle managers manage the work of first-line managers (Robbins, S. P, 2011). therefrom, first-line managers should have special skills like technical skills, so that they can know how to supervise those producers to produce goods. 2 Conversely, conceptual skills are probably some of the most important management skills, which are very important to top managers especially. Katz proposed that these skills become more essential in top management positions. The reason for this is that top managers often deal with abstract ideas, and they are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization.While conceptual skills can be described the ability to conceptualize about abstract time, they must moderate the organization as a whole and clear about the complicated relationships between various subunits. Then these abilities are essential to effective decision-making. So from the rendering of conceptual skills, top managers should have many necessary skills, first is problem solving, they need to combine the whole organization together and use professional skills in practice to find how a party will be and what it will be like.The second key probably is study as a whole, so it is related to conceptualize about things. So they will not treat an organization as a part of the industry, looking the organization as a whole can help managers make decision or do something effectively. Conceptual skills also include creative thinking, which needs managers should have creative ideas, no matter for human management or the whole part management. In another word, conceptual skill is the ability to think in terms of models, framewo rks and wide relationship such as long-range plans.While technical skill has different characteristics of job performance, it does not matter at the operating and professional levels, but as employees are supposed to develop leaders responsibilities, their technical skills become proportionately less important, they increasingly depend on technical skills of their subordinates in many cases they have never practiced some of the technical skills that they supervise. Conceptual skill deals with ideas, whereas human skill concerns people and technical skill involves things.So conceptual skills conclude knowing how to excogitate ideas, so managers who have strong conceptual skills are supposed to have cognitive abilities to solve problems creatively and effectively. Therefore they can create new products, hence they can examine a complicated issue or formulate a distinct and specific action. So when top managers make wide-decisions, conceptual skills are necessary, it will help them to do managing work easily and effectively (Glaser, R. , & Resnick, L. B, 1989). 3Mintzberg concluded ten different roles but those roles are highly interrelated. Interpersonal role should be symbolic, which is essential for top managers, because top managers are leaders, their ability is to lead, supervise and motivate workers. So during this time, conceptual skills will be used because of many complex situations with employees and employers. Informational roles need managers to have the ability to receive, collect and disseminate information. Decisional roles are typically important to top managers.In usual time, they should do wide-making decisions, they will face many complex and abstract situations, but as a leader, they should solve these problems using their managerial skills. So they will use conceptual skills to make decisions due to solving all of abstract situations (Robbins, S. P, 2011). Otherwise, strategical planning is necessary for top managers in reality. Planning implementation is especially important, which needs managers to implement strategic planning effectively through formalizing and discipline.Managerial origin includes total quality management. The generation of innovation results in an outcome a product, service, technology, or practice that is at least new to an organizational population. Decision skills and strategic planning skills are fundamental factors of conceptual skills. For example, Facebook chief executive Mark Zuckerberg planned to offer a search feature like Google, he unite social and search together, people can do many things at the same place, even finding a good restaurant or encyclopedism about a good job.Facing the biggest competitor Google, Mark needs strategic planning skills to make latest strategies to deal with intense competitions this kind of complex situations. Therefore decision skills and strategic planning skills are related to conceptual skills. How do chief executive officers (CEOs) use conceptual skills? They set the tone for the organization via the spate they express, decisions they make, policies they implement, and what they pay attention to, measure, and reward (Finkelstein, Hambrick, & Cannella, 2009).Those abstract situations they should face are very normal to a company. How will the members perform, how will set a correct direction, or how to coordinate relationships with stakeholders are complex actions they are supposed to do (Boal & Hooijberg, 2001 Hambrick & Mason, 1984 Ireland & Hitt, 1999). CEO Alan Joyce is leading change at Qantas to deal with the challenges in the airline industrys fast-moving and competitive environment. Why would Qantas be successful? Because there are many effective strategies Qantas has conducted.Firstly, they split the operations into separate business in order to make each of the business units more accountable. They have also been forced to look at how it can reduce its costs. Secondly, under Joyces leadership, the company has a si gnificantly lower cost base than its full service parent, customers are very satisfied with discount airline. Thirdly, an area where cost savings have been seen as necessary is in staffing. And the last point is to surge fuel prices. There are many competitors to Qantas, they all take effective actions at any time.So Alan Joyce has had to deal with as he maps a road that will make Qantas to continue to operate as a successful and profitable airline around the world (Robbins, S. P, 2011). ending In summarize, conceptual skills are needed by all managers at all levels, but these skills are more important in top management positions. In current business, top managers should have these skills to make wide decisions and establish the goals to lead companies to be successful. Conceptual skills represent collaborative processes at the organizational and strategic levels.The degree of leader success will depend largely on the leaders ability to maximize the full potential of these collabor ative networks. Reference Boal KB. , Hooijberg R. (2001). Strategic leadership Moving on. The Leadership Quarterly, 11, 515550. Finkelstein S. , Hambrick DC. , Cannella AA. , Jr. (2009). Strategic leadership Theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. Oxford, UK Oxford University Press. Glaser, R. , Resnick, L. B. (1989). Cognitive Apprenticeship Teaching the Crafts of Reading, Writing, and Mathmatics.In Knowing, learning, and instruction Essays in reinforce of Robert Glaser. Hillsdale, N. J L. Erlbaum Associates,453-490. Kanter, R. M. (1984). The Change Masters. London Unwin Hyman. Katz, R. L. (1974). Skills of an Effective Administrator. An HBR Classic. Harvard business review,52(5), 90-102. Retrieved from http//hbr. org/1974/09/skills-of-an-effective-administrator/ar/1 Peters, T. J. , Waterman, R. H. (1984). In Search of Excellence. New York Warner Books. Robbins, S. P. , R. Bergman, et al. (2009). Management. Frenchs Forest, N. S. W. , Pearson Educa tion Australia. * *

Effects of Armed Conflicts on Women

Armed b bulge push through has al federal agencys been an inherent characteristic of the world we put up in. The causes of scrap offer be multifarious ranging from attempts to gain economic, govern workforcetal or territorial advantage to social factors much(prenominal) as religion and ethnicity. Armed departures empennage surfeitively be varied in nature with inter, intra and eve non postulate combatants fighting against each opposite. The complexity and scale of arm deviations name increased to a great expiration with the emergence of non-state terrorist and mercenary gatherings that lacks the distinctiveness of received state armies fighting against each separate.The consequences consecrate been devastating for an increase number of the race of the world who argon affected by much(prenominal) gird conflicts. These include non only the combatants but in any case elegantians who get caught up in the fighting in one and only(a) way or the other. In fact civilian casualties watch been on the rise and climbing dramatic on the wholey from 5 per cent at the turn of the century, to 15 per cent during World state of war I, to 65 per cent by the end of World War II, to more than 75 per cent in the warfargons of the 1990s. (UN Report, 2001)A truly conventional view regarding gird conflicts is that it is the while federal agency who fight the battles while the women stand them by taking cargon of the stem front. work result ar perceived as the fighters who suffer causalities while women receive to play out the traditional roles of wives, mothers and c atomic number 18 givers and ar thitherfore comparatively unaffected by war. Byrne (1996) however clutch pedals that even though it is gener ally men who directly fight and die in battles, it is women who constitute an overwhelming majority of the civilian casualties of war.Byrne goes on to add that the concept of women staying safely at home while the men fight the war at the front, and the diametricaliation between conflict and safe zones in fortify conflict argon essentially myths that do non bow stock of the practical office staff. Moreover, the fact that a growing number of women argon as well as participating in arm conflicts around the world as active combatants and non merely as straighten outive support come throughrs adds a saucy dimension to the do of arm conflicts on women.The Independent Experts sound judgement on the Impact of Armed mesh on Women and the role of Women in Peace-Building (2001) commissioned by the join Nations Development Funds for Women chose During Armed Conflict Womens Bodies Become a Battleground as the backing of the introductory chapter of its report. This exemplifies the extent of furiousness against women as a result of armed conflicts. Civilians consecrate drop dead the aboriginal targets in new terror tactics that charter evolved in armed conflicts. But it is women who suffer most. Men and boys a s well as women and girls atomic number 18 the victims of this targeting, but women, much more than men, suffer gender-based ferocity. Their bodies become a battleground over which opposing forces struggle. (Rehn & Sirleaf, 2001) The get together Nations defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in physical, wind upual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such(prenominal) acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in unexclusive or in private. (Machel, 2000)It is a yield of grave concern that women are actually subjected to e actually conceivable act of violence and more, that can legislate under the purview of the definition. Not only do women face generic violence such as torture, killing, imprisonment and forced labour under conditions of war, but they excessively suffer gender-specific violence that strike at the very core of their existence. They a re abducted and raped, used as sexual slaves, forced to cook, clean, carry water and wads and do other domesticated chores and even used as human shields or put to dotty undertakings such clearing minefields.There are numerous examples. Rehn & Sirleaf (2001) reports that 94% per cent of displaced households surveyed in Sierra Leone had undergo sexual assaults, including rape, torture and sexual slavery at least 250,000 perhaps as many an(prenominal) as 500,000 women were raped during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. This however is only the tip of the iceberg. The sufferings of women in armed conflicts never await to end.They are forced by the circumstances to sell sex to survive, they are consentn advantage of sexually even by state who are supposed to help them, and finally, they fool to face censure at the give of those very near and dear ones for whom they make all the sacrifices. Such is their plight. The Reason Why The root of the violence that women suffer during the course of armed conflicts are however opined to lie elsewhere. Violence is said to be perpetuated on women not solely because of the conditions of war but because of a direct relation with violence in the life of women even during tranquillity time (Rehn & Sirleaf 2001).The relationship between the genders is determined by the extent of approaching to or distribution of power. Men are in more control of resources and power than women. Since women do not fix control over power and resources they as a gender are usually not the cause behind wars. In spite of that they suffer because of their inherent power and control position vis-a-vis men. Again, the greater emphasis by nations on increasing their military strength results in a decline of the rights of women exacerbating the inequalities in gender relations.In a display of unadulterated hypocrisy however, many armed conflicts are justified on the grounds of restoring or maintaining gender equality. This was clearly the case in the American invasion of Afghanistan ion 2001 when liberation of women from the fanatical regime of the Talibans was cited as a reason even though there was hardly any concern for the plight of the same women during the five years prior to the invasion even when local and supranational NGOs constantly strived to draw attention to their sufferings (Jack, 2003).It is very true that although entire communities suffer the consequences of armed conflict and terrorism, women and girls are particularly affected because of their status in society and their sex. (Beijing Declaration, 1996). The effect of war on women depends to a great extent on their gendered role that defines their constraints and opportunities in society. Women become more susceptible war atrocities when they are perceived as symbolic bearers of the pride and honour of a company. In such cases women are specifically targeted as a way of denting the very essence of he rival community.In regions where women are deemed to represent the cultural and ethnic identity of communities as the producer of prospective generations, any assault on their honour becomes an assault on the morale and honour of the entire community. Under such circumstances public rape and torture of women is con attitudered to have serious demoralizing effects on enemy communities. The victors or parentage forces resort to sexual exploitation of women because of such underlying war strategies coup take with inherent sexual urges. stock-still the same symbolic role of women can be a cause of threat or polish up even from their own community for not conforming to the role in some way or the other in adverse conditions, such as not wearing a veil or venturing into forbidden areas as has been the case in the Islamic world. Armed conflict is therefore like a double edged sword for women. Societal norms also force women to bear atrocities. The comments of a doctor working(a) with Save the Children Fund, in an ICRC/TVE film (2000) illustrate the point In certain villages bordering conflict young girls have admitted that armed men come in at night these girls are used as sex workers they are not allowed to protest they are not allowed to lock their doors and the whole community tole pass judgment this because these armed men protect the community so it is a trade off. When sexual violence is used as a means of warfare or when women are pressurized to bear children as a means of supply of future soldiers, women become a very vulnerable gender to the violence of armed conflict.In conflict zones such as Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, sexual violence was used as a means of ethnic cleansing. The Serbian police and paramilitary forces used rape to punish women belonging to the Kosovo Liberation Army (Human Rights Watch, 2000). polar Wars, Different Stages, Different Roles The different kinds of armed warfare, their different stages and the different roles that women play in these conflicts all have different e ffects on women. Modern armed conflicts are fought between adversaries that are very different from the conventional state armies.Terrorist groups and non-state players give armed conflicts a new dimension in the modern world. The problem with such combatants is that they do not adhere to international laws governing warfare and have no scruples in indulging in violence and atrocities that would fall in the category of war crimes. The Geneva Conventions and its protocols realize no takers in them. They are not regulated by any authority and are guided either by their own perverted consciences or by fanatical ideologies. As a result women become more suggestible all kinds of violence from such elements in armed conflict.Armed conflicts usually pass through different stages viz. the pre-conflict stage or run up to the conflict, the conflict it egotism, the stage of conflict resolution or the peace process and the post conflict stage of reconstructive memory and reintegration. Each of these stages hold different horrors for women depending on the different roles that women play in such conflicts. Women act as agents of change when they record in the prevention, resolution or management of armed conflicts. Their participation is very important because without them the views, needs and interests of half(a) of the population go unrepresented.Conversely, women also act as agents of change when they indirectly support the men to take up arms for any cause which they may believe in. In the case of Rwanda, women were found to have been accomplices to and participants in gross acts of genocide (Lindsey, 2001). This indirect participation of women takes on added significance in their role as the pristine influence on children. Women as mothers can influence children in many ways and wreak them to serve as soldiers in armed conflicts. The simple act of women telling stories centered on tender issues of ethnic or clan conflicts could sensitize the children.Encouragi ng future generations to fight, may be considered as keen participation of women in the armed conflicts as agents of change. Acting as agents of change is fraught with dangers because women a traffic circle have to consciously take sides in their efforts to better the situation or to protect themselves and their families. They put themselves at try in doing so. In the parliamentary Republic of Congo (DRC) women of the South Kivu region were buried alive by hoi polloi of their own villages because they were said to be witches.It was however found that they suffered their fate because the villagers suspected them of providing food and medicines to armed groups which the villagers did not support (Rehn & Sirleaf 2001). Women participate as active combatants in armed conflicts. the number of women who participate in fighting forces is increasing in nearly all conflicts. Women have constituted significant proportions of combatants and combat support operations in conflicts in Eritr ea, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Vietnam, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Uganda, and Rwanda (USAID, 2007).As active combatants women face the same ravages of war as fighting men do. However, in many cases, women are abducted and forced to participate as combatants. The Revolutionary joined Front in Sierra Leone made it a practice to raid villages and abduct children of both sexes to force them to join in the fighting. The abducted children were often raped, starved and drugged and then forced to kill. It has been the same in Uganda, Mozambique, Liberia and other war rupture places. Women also get involved in the fighting as followers of fighters.In such a role the char does not carry arms but provide well(p) and active support to the fighters. She acts as cook, domestic servant, sexual partner, guard or porter or all of these together. She may even be used as human shield in the fighting. It is not very difficult to imagine the trauma that she goes through in such r oles. Women become victims and spoils of war. It is a very leafy vegetable practice of conquering forces to claim women of the defeated party as spoils of war. In an occupied land, women are also forced to curry sexual favors to the victorious forces for the sake of their own survival and the survival of their families.The fate of women is almost linked to the fate of their men. When men give way their homes to fight or die in the fighting, the women often becomes the primary bread winner of the family and has to take on additional role and responsibilities. This puts the woman in an entirely new social position, one that could even turn out to be advantageous but is more often than not a position that entails untold hardships on her. Left to fend alone for her family and herself, a woman could be driven to any extent and exploited easily under such circumstances.A woman usually finds herself in such a role in the post conflict stage of reconstructive memory and reintegration. S cars that do not heal Armed conflicts affect women physically, psychologically, economically, socially and even spiritually. They are more susceptible to violence than men because they are women. Women are victims of unbelievably horrific atrocities and injustices in conflict situations this is indisputable. As refugees, internally displaced persons, combatants, heads of household and community leaders, as activists and peace-builders, women and men experience conflict differently.Women rarely have the same resources, political rights, authority or control over their environment and needs that men do. In addition, their caretaking responsibilities limit their mobility and expertness to protect themselves. (Rehn & Sirleaf 2001). Gender Based Violence (GBV) can take many forms. Sexual violence in the form of rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancy, trafficking, genital mutilation and soliciting of sexual favors, as horrifying as they are, is only one aspect of the affect of war on wo men.Steep increase in domestic violence receivable to armed conflicts the travails of interlingual rendition, forced or otherwise the resultant adverse affects on health and increased mental picture to infections and life-threatening diseases such as AIDS/HIV the burden of additional social and economic responsibilities and the persist psychological, physical and social effects even after the end of hostilities are the multidimensional impacts of armed conflicts that are not quite as obvious, but devastating enough to merit closer scrutiny to guess their mechanism of operation.Sexual Violence and Physical Torture The continent of Africa is rife with armed conflicts. legion(predicate) factors such as bad governance, illiteracy, deplorable economic conditions, political unrest and breakdown of social structures have contributed in fomenting armed struggles on unprecedented scales. Africa is a classic example of a society where the status of women as a subordinate and deprived cl ass has added to their miseries during time so war. The majority of women in Africa is uneducated and live in abject isolation cut off even from all that is happening around them in politics and power play.They are therefore caught completely unawares when armed conflicts erupt. The subordination of women in Africa is accentuated in conflict situations. They are not only used as sexual objects who are to be abase and demeaned, but are also tortured and mutilated to deter them from carrying out stereotyped roles that are perceived to go against the interests of the perpetrators. During the documentation that has been carried out in Uganda, Liberia and Sierra Leone, women have testified that rebels cut off their lips, ears and nose endowment various reasons for such acts (Ochieng, 2004).The same study also documents an instance in which a father was cam stroke dead by enemy combatants when he refuse do have sexual intercourse with his little girl. The use in this case was to infl ict severe psychological torture on both the father and the daughter as incest is considered a blasphemy in Africa as in the rest of the world at large, and would let permanent scars on the psyche of individuals and the society. Even when women participate as combatants on their own will, they are anticipate to submit to the sexual exploitations of their superiors.A United Nations document on the situation in Columbia states that the situation of women and girls making part of illegal armed groups continues concerning the Council. Women and girl-combatants were objects of sexual abuse by their superiors in the hierarchy. (Franco et. al. 2006). Abduction of women during armed conflicts is a practice that has its roots in deep in history. A well-known example is the large group of women who were labeled the comfort women in the Far East during the Second World War. Things have not changed much. tho the scale, range and scope have. The sexual violence is not restricted to a particul ar stage of armed conflict but is widely prevalent in all the stages. If it is exploitation by the same side during the initial stage, the victorious lay their own claim on the womenfolk of the vanquished during the stage of active combat this is followed by sexual exploitation of displaced women who go from place to place as refugees and are hounded sexually by a host of anti-social elements as well as those who are meant to protect and shelter them.This extends into the peace process and the reconstruction and reintegration stage when women ravaged and leave helpless by the experience of war easily succumb to the entice of currying favors in exchange of sex. Women are physically and economically forced or left with little select but to become sex workers or to exchange sex for food, shelter, safe passage or other needs their bodies become part of a barter system, a form of exchange that buys the necessities of life. (Rehn & Sirleaf 2001).There have been reports of the situatio n being attenuated by the arrival of peacekeeping forces when personnel from these forces also indulge in sexually exploiting women in double back for food, security, shelter, employment and other favors. The independent study commissioned by the United Nations Development Fund for Women were told by members of the local community in the Kisangani and Goma regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo that peace keepers having sex with local girls and that condoms were lying visibly scattered just outside the UN compounds. It was however the desperate women who took the chess opening for such sexual liaisons.Trafficking is another adverse affect that is closely associated with armed conflict. Countries with armed conflict are ideal breeding grounds for trafficking because breakdown in law and order and reduced border controls and policing. culpable networks of arms and drug dealers that operate in war torn countries easily double up as traffickers in women. The women are taken out to work in illegal factories, as slaves or as prostitutes in brothels in red light areas. Rise in armed conflicts have triggered a synchronic rise in trafficking throughout the world.Trafficking worldwide grew almost 50 per cent from 1995 to 2000 (Financial Times, March 19, 2001), and the International agreement for Migration (IOM) estimates that as many as 2 million women are trafficked across borders annually. A survey conducted in Cambodia in 1995 revealed that approximately 31 per cent of the prostitutes in Phnom Penh and 11 other provinces were between the ages of 12 and 17, and had been trafficked out of the conflict-stricken countryside (Human Rights Task Force on Cambodia, 1996). Trafficking in women has assumed alarming proportions in Columbia referable to the civil war which has dragged on for decades in the country.It is estimated that around 50,000 women are trafficked out of Columbia every year. Bosnia and Herzegovina in atomic number 34 Europe also experience very high trafficking in women due to the same basic reason. Traffickers sweetener women out of these areas on the pretext of giving them jobs. They are then forced into sexual slavery. The traffickers take out-of-door the travel documents of the women so that they are not able to escape. Once they are in the trap it is very difficult for these women to return home to their societies even if they are rescued.Though many family in the war torn countries are desperate enough not to question where the money their daughters send home comes from, they will also not necessitate the women back if they come to know that they had been working as prostitutes or sex slaves. As a result, the girls go through multiple traumas first they are separated from home, thereafter they are sexually exploited and brutalized and finally they face rejection from their own families. Trafficking is a vicious trap that leads the women who fall prey to it to last destruction unless there is institutional interv ention.Since armed conflict and trafficking go hand in hand, women in trouble-torn regions are always vulnerable to trafficking. Forced fracture Forced Displacement is actually not an inevitable ending of all armed conflicts, but it is frequently take as a strategy of war to change enemy families and communities, to uproot the enemy so that it is scattered and weakened. Forced displacement is however a the clearest rape of human, economic, political and social rights and of the failure to comply with international humanitarian laws (Moser & Clark, 2001).Though displacement during armed conflict is viewed as a temporary process, examples in countries such as Sudan, Sri Lanka and Somalia show that it could extend into a lengthy affair, with succeeding generations having to stay away from the place of origin. Displacements can have multiple effects on women. For women displacement implies increased difficulties in managing household responsibilities as access to resources is cut off or becomes unavailable. Displacement has also been found to lead to a reversal in roles with women assuming the position of the head of the household.This is very diaphanous in Sudan. Ethnic groups such as the Dinka, Nuer and Nuba have been displaced from their place of origin and face severe marginalization. The women of these communities take on added responsibilities of the missing men. Much of this added responsibility is transferred to younger members of the family, especially young girls. Young girls have to not only do domestic chores, but also look after the children, sick and the elderly. They lose out on valuable study and play time which affects their futures negatively. All displaced people face social exclusion, so do women.Staying in an alien environment without the usual support and resistance from the male members of the family can be a very terrifying and psychologically scarring experience. In strife-torn Columbia, displacement has become a perennial problem. An estimated 40 million people have been forced to flee from their homes and seek sanctuary elsewhere. A whooping 80% of these displaced people are women and children (Security Council Report, 1999). This brings into sharp focus the high impact of displacement particularly on women. The circumstances are unique in each country, but the stories are identical.In places such as Afghanistan, Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Chechnya, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), East Timor, Guinea, Haiti, Indonesia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia and in the occupied Palestinian territories whose people constitute the longest-standing and largest refugee population women have been forced from their homes and exposed to indiscriminate violence while searching for a safe haven. (Rehn & Sirleaf 2001). Displaced people face violence and hardship as they search for a safe haven. Women are especially vulnerable in such a situation.While on the run, and even after th ey have found refuge, women have to suffer the humiliation of rape and other forms of physical violence. In their constant struggle to provide for their families and themselves, they are forced to sell their bodies in exchange of provisions and favours. Again, displacement can be of two types the refugee who has left the country of origin and crossed international borders, and the Internally Displaced Person or the IDP who has been forced to leave the place of original residence and has moved to a different part or region at bottom the country.While international laws do provide some amount of protection and security to the refugee, such laws are not relevant in case of the IDP. The IDP therefore faces a plight worse than the refugee and is lots left all alone in the fight for survival. Even in the case of the refugee, a lot depends on the willingness of those in power in the host country to allow international agencies to aid or help the refugees. In many cases, armed opposition groups may refuse to provide access to international agencies fearing that their own human rights violations will be exposed.Forced displacement however has some positive effects too for women. When the displaced women takes over the reins of the household, many of the traditional shackles lose their hold on them and they find new avenues for self development and progress. They gain a sense of liberty that they did not have in their conventional male-dominated societies. Displacement also becomes a boon for women when they find refuse in well-established and properly run care centers which provide them adequate training and education to enable them to stand on their own feet.When this happens, the suppressed woman can break free and find her own moorings. Domestic Violence during Conflict That domestic violence increases pro rata with increase in armed conflict is a fact that had not been known until very recently. Conflict attenuates domestic violence in two ways by breaking down communities and the natural regulatory functions of communities, and by escalating violence in the context of masculine and militarized conflict situations. Conflict leads to imbalances in power relations which in turn escalates domestic violence.Many things contribute to the increase in domestic violence the availability of weapons, the violence male family members have experienced or meted out, the lack of jobs, shelter, and basic services (Lindsey, 2002). In a conflict situation, men get used to violence either by suffering violence or meting violence to others. This sort of acclimatizes them and makes them more prone to the use of violence. The experience of war changes some man from indoors so that they do not hesitate to apply violence in the domestic context.Combatants who return home after spending long years in fighting have been found to find it difficult to adjust to peace time. There have been instances when men returning form war have killed their own wives. Studies i n Cambodia in the mid-1990s indicated that many women as many as 75 per cent in one study were victims of domestic violence, often at the hands of men who have kept the smaller arms and light weapons they used during the war (Lutz & Elliston, 2002).In the Middle East too, there have been reports of men returning from fighting and using the same tactics of torture used in war on their wives in glaring cases of domestic violence. Israel responded to the second Intifada by imposing restrictions on the movement of Palestinians. This led to unemployment, frustration and overcrowded living conditions. The release has been noticed in the form of increased domestic violence within families, crimes against women within the family. Women were being raped and tortured by the frustrated men.The problem in the case of domestic violence is that there are very few laws to protect women from domestic. Even where such laws have been framed, they are not imposed, especially during periods of confl ict. The United Nations itself has only recently woken up to the situation. War and Womens health War has a profound negative effect on health. The direct impact is the casualties of war. Men and women die in large number in any armed conflict. In the event of continued armed struggles medical checkup systems and facilities tend to break down.The experts independent report by Rehn & Sirleaf (2001) had this to report of the casualties of war In 2000 alone, conflict is estimated to have directly resulted in 310,000 deaths, with more than half taking place in sub-Saharan Africa. If the commonly held ratio is accurate nine indirect deaths for every direct death caused by conflict then approximately 2. 8 million people died in 2000 of some conflict-related cause. Arguably the figure is much higher. When the direct fatalities are estimated by age and sex, children and adolescents account for a significant proportion of the deaths.The highest mortality rates are among men aged 15 to 44, but a quarter of direct mortality is among women. The superior number of deaths of women is among those aged 15 to 29 some 25,000 women in this age group died directly of conflict in 2000. The International Rescue Committee has estimated that between August 1998 and April 2001, there were 2. 5 million excess deaths (i. e. , above the number normally expected) in the five eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where armed groups have been fighting each other as well as attacking civilians.Only 350,000 of these deaths were directly caused by violence the majority stemmed from disease and malnutrition. One in eight households had experienced at least one violent death 40 per cent of these deaths were of women and children. There were more deaths than births in many of the areas studied and, in one area, 75 per cent of the children died before they reached the age of two. The report speaks volume about the direct casualties that women suffer in armed conflic ts. The indirect effects of armed conflicts on the health of women are perhaps more horrendous.The large scale rape and other sexual atrocities on women leaves them exposed to all forms of sexual diseases and infections including AIDS and HIV. Many women who manage to overcome the other travails of war have to finally accept defeat when they learn that they have contacted AIDS at the end of it. There have been instances, especially in the Rwandan armed conflicts when one ethnic community has deliberately tried to infect another ethnic community with AIDS. Epidemics break out in refugee camps claiming thousands of lives. Since the refugee camps house a larger number of women, they are affected the most.Women who have been raped or tortured suffer from mental problems. Unwanted pregnancies and adolescence pregnancies pose considerable threats to the health of women. In places such as Bosnia, Kosovar and Sierra Leone, women faced terrible dilemmas. Would they abort their unwanted babie s or would they keep them? A majority of these women chose abortion because they feared rejection if they dared to keep the babies. In Sierra Lone, the matter becomes more complicated because abortions are stated illegal and it costs a lot of hard-earned money to have an abortion.All these have to be seen in the context of the conflict scenario when medical and health systems break down and there are acute shortages of medicines and accomplished medical personnel. Many women die at child birth due to lack of adequate care. Many babies die at birth leaving their mothers heartbroken. Provisions for Protection The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and its protocols remain the best applicable laws for the protection of women. The customary of international humanitarian laws can also be applied for the protection of women in conditions of armed conflicts.In 1993 and 1994 the Security Council established two ad hoc international criminal tribunals the first to indict serious violations of inte rnational humanitarian law committed in the former Yugoslavia, and the second to prosecute similar violations as well as genocide in Rwanda. The statute of the International Criminal Code was adopted in July 1998. All laws include many common clauses that can be effectively used for the protection of women in armed conflicts. These include the clause of non discrimination by which the same protection is to be attached both to men and women.The law lays down that both men and women are to be treated humanely () without adverse distinction founded on sex Moreover specific protection for women are accorded by hold 14 of the Third Geneva Convention which makes it mandatory that women be treated with all the regard due to their sex. Considerations for the privacy of women are also taken into account by the laws, so are provisions for with child(p) mothers. The Human Rights and the Refugee Laws too cover other aspects of protection for women in situations of armed conflict.The crux of the matter however is that the laws are as good as the intentions of those who are responsible for implementing them. The international community has to join hands in taking up the cudgel for women caught up in horrifying situations such as armed conflicts, and they have to take enough women with them to provide the healing touch as representatives of those who have suffered the insufferable. Throughout the ages, women have shown remarkable resilience to the vagaries of armed conflict. It is one war they have to win at any cost.